Download Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945) Key Concept 7.1: Growth

Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society
and its economic system.
I. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large
companies.
A) New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to
improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.
1. Explain the significance of Henry Ford’s Assembly Line and “Moving Assembly Lines to mass production of other consumer goods (31).
2. What influence did Frederick Taylor have on American manufacturing?
3. What “new arm of American commerce” came into being in the 1920’s? How would this new “arm of commerce” persuade Americans to become consumers?
(31)
4. What two main points did advertising man Bruce Barton make about Christ in his 1925 book?(31)
5. What effects did “buying on credit” have on the “once frugal descendants of Puritans or Americans? (31) What did this trend portend for the US economy? (31)
6. What spectator events became “big business” in the 1920’s? Why were spectator events and amusement parks becoming more popular as the Gilded Age ended
and the 20th century began?
7. Which American company initiated the first transatlantic telephone service connecting NY & London in 1927?
8. Who launched the “air age” on Dec. 17, 1903? What did Charles A. Lindberg do in 1927?(31)
9. The first transcontinental air mail route was established when? Which states? (31)
10. What did Marconi invent? How was it used in WWII?
11. What event was the first public radio broadcast in the US in 1920? How did advertisers use the new media? (31)
12. First story sequence to reach the film screen in 1903? First full-length film in 1915? First film with sound in 1927?(31)
13. Name two effects that radio and film (mass media) had on US culture? (31)
14. How did mail order catalogues effect consumerism in the US?
B) By 1920, a majority of
the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women,
international migrants, and internal migrants.
1. According to the census of 1920, where did most Americans live? (31)
2. What categories of jobs became known as “women’s work”?
3. The New immigrants such as the Poles ended up where mostly? By 1907, Polish men mostly worked in what fields? How did Polish women contribute to
family earnings? (31)
C) Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system.
1. What effect did the Underwood Tariff have on the tariff? What new source of revenue will slowly replace the tariff in the US as a result of the bill? (29)
2. What amendment made the income tax constitutional?(29)
3. What defects in the US economy were exposed by the Panic of 1907?(29)
4. Explain how the 1913 Federal Reserve Act regulates the money supply in the US?(29)
5. How was the Federal Trade Commission supposed to control monopolies?(29)
6. What did the 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act do which improved upon the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?(29)
7. Explain how the following New Deal Laws regulated business or banking (33)
a) Glass-Steagall Act 1933:
b) “Truth in Securities Act”:
c) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society
and its economic system.
II. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social
concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures.
A) Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from
the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations.
1. What/who were ‘Muckrakers”?
2. What movement “convulsed” America in the early 20 th century?(28) What were their goals? (28)
3. What groups mostly made up the ranks of the Progressives? What two main goals?(28)
3. Identify the area of reporting & main points made by the following journalists of the Progressive Era:(28)
a) Henry Demarest Lloyd:
b) Thorstein Veblen:
c) Jacob Riis:
d) Lincoln Steffens:
e) Ida M. Tarbell:
f) David G. Phillips:
g) Ray Stannard Baker:
h) John Spargo:
i) Ida B. Wells:
j) Upton Sinclair:
4. Give two reasons women were drawn to the settlement house movement?
5. How did the role of women’s Literary Clubs change from the Gilded Age to the 20 th century?
6. What organizations did female activists work through?
7. Explain how the following Supreme Court cases affect male and female workers in cities?
a) Muller v. Oregon (1908):
b) Lochner v. New York (1905):
8. What was the goal of the WCTU? Explain the success of this group?
B) On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and
generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and woman suffrage.
1. Explain the following Amendments (28):
a) 16th Amendment (1913):
b) 17th Amendment (1913):
c) 18th Amendment (1919):
d) 19th Amendment (1920):
2. Explain the following Progressive laws or Cases:
a) Northern Securities Case:
b) The Meat Inspection Act (1906)
c) The Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
C) Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the
overuse of natural resources. (28)
1. Explain the difference between a “Preservationist” & “Conservationist”.
2. Explain how the Desert Land Act (1877): helped with settlement of the West?
3. Explain what the Newlands Act (1902) did to extend development of the West? (28) How did it strip rights from Hispanics (look up):
4. What did the Forest Reserve Act (1891) do?
5. What was John Muir’s position on Natural Resources?
6. Explain the idea of “Rational Use” involving natural resources debate in the early 20 th century. (28)
D) The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation,
while others ignored its presence. Some
Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts
to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction. (28)
1. Explain the views of Booker T. Washington on segregation v. W.E.B. Dubois.
2. Who was Ida B. Wells? What important national social issue did she expose?
3. Define the following Progressive reforms:
a) Initiative
b) Referendum:
c) Recall:
4. Explain HOW the referendum, recall, and initiative allow for more democratic participation for Americans.
4. Explain how the City-Manager system works which some progressives supported.
5. Which state became a “laboratory” for Progressive reform in the early 1900’s? Governed by whom?
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society
and its economic system.
III. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S.
into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
A) Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery,
and reforms the American economy.
1. Define the following terms in relation to the Government response to the Great Depression (32):
a) Relief:
b) Recovery Programs:
c) Reform Programs:
President Hoover & the Great Depression
2. Explain how the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was supposed to help during the Depression. Who did not get help with this program? (32)
President Franklin Roosevelt & the Great Depression (33)
3. What was the “New Deal”?
4. What were the three main categories of New Deal Programs (THE R’s)?
B) Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while
conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope. (33)
1. Name FIVE areas of progressive era reforms that influenced Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. (33)
2. What did Charles Townshend propose which eventually became part of the New Deal?
3. What would the “Share Our Wealth” Program do? Who proposed it?
4. Explain how the National Recovery Act (NRA) was supposed to help industry, labor, & the unemployed.
5. Which Supreme Court case struck down a key component of the NRA? Why??
6. Why did the Supreme Court strike down the First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) in 1936?
C) Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political
realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working- class communities identified with the Democratic Party.
1. What was the “New Deal Coalition”? Which groups of Americans made up this group of voters?
2. Which American group shifted from voting Republican to voting for the Democrat Party as a result of the New Deal Coalition?
3. Why do you think this was such a significant political event?
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant
changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
I. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American
national identity.
A) New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures.
(31)
1. Define the term “mass media”.
2. How did radio, film, magazines, and newspapers contribute to the spread of a shared “national culture”?
B) Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such the Harlem Renaissance movement. (31)
1. What was the historical event known as the ‘Great Migration”?
2. What was the ‘Harlem Renaissance”?
3. Explain the SIGNIFICANT contribution of the following PEOPLE to the Harlem Renaissance? (31)
a) Langston Hughes:
b) Louis Armstrong:
c) Duke Ellington:
d) Claude McKay:
e) ‘Jelly Roll” Morton:
f) Marcus Garvey:
g) Booker T. Washington
h) W.E.B. Dubois
i) Langston Hughes:
j) Zora Neal Hurston:
4. Explain the Significant contribution to literature for the following writers who exhibited the energy of youth and resentment of ideals that had been
betrayed:
a) H.L. Mencken
b) F. Scott Fitzgerald:
c) Theodore Dreiser:
d) Ernest Hemingway:
e) Sinclair Lewis:
f) William Faulkner:
g) Ezra Pound:
h) T.S. Eliot
h) Robert Frost:
C) Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor
activism and immigrant culture. (30)
1. Explain the Espionage Act of 1917.
2. Explain the Sedition Act of 1918.
3. Which specific groups were targeted by the Espionage Act & Sedition Act?
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
4. Explain how the ruling in Schenck v. US (1919) in relation to American’s freedoms.
D) In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to
race and immigration.
1. Explain why the KKK had resurgence in popularity and membership after WWI.
2. Explain how the Sacco & Vanzetti Case demonstrated the growing suspicion against “New Immigrants”.
3. How did the Scopes “Monkey” Trial demonstrate the growing conflict between the theory of evolution & religion?
4. Explain how “flappers” exemplified new ideas about gender roles in society.
Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while
significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
II. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and
experiences of both international and internal migrants.
A) Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the
years before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic
groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian
immigration. (31)
1. Define/explain how the Emergency Quota Act (1921) attempted to limit immigration by targeting specific groups by ethnicity.
2. Explain how the Immigration Act of 1924 further restricted immigration to the US for specific ethnic groups .
3. What example does your book use as evidence of the effectiveness of the Immigration Act of 1924 in limiting people from Southern & Eastern Europe from
entering the US?
4. Give TWO examples of how the Immigration Act of 1924 led to deteriorating relationship between Japan & the US.
5. Which specific groups were EXCLUDED from the immigration limitations of the Immigration Act of 1924?
B) The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many
Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities.
1. Explain the “Work or Fight” Rule of 1918. (30)
2. What was the “Great Migration”? During which years did this migration occur?(30)
3. Explain the “Bracero” program during WWII.(35)
4. Who was ‘Rosie the Riveter”? What did she symbolize? (35)
5. How many women took jobs outside the home during WWII? (35)
6. Which FOUR American cities became war “boomtowns” by drawing in people during WWII? (35)
7. Which region or states received a “disproportionate” share of defense contracts? What was the nickname given this region? (35)
C) In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in
the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.
1. In 1941, why did A. Phillip Randolph threaten to have a massive “Negro March on Washington”? (35)
2. Define Executive Order 8802. (look up on-line)
3. How were blacks drafted into the Armed Forces treated differently from white soldiers? (35)
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
D) Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased,
in spite of contradictory government policies
toward Mexican immigration.
1. Explain the “Repatriation” of Hispanics by the US government in the 1940’s. How many were deported?(Look up on-line)
2. Give ONE specific example of segregation or racial discrimination of Hispanics in America from WWI to WWII.
2. Explain the significance for Hispanics in America the Supreme Court Case Mendez, et al. v. Westminster School District of Orange Co., et al (1946). (Look
it up on-line)
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power
while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and
the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world.
A) Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the
Western frontier was “closed” to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe.
(27)
1. What were TWO major arguments FOR American expansion in Josiah Strong’s Book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis?
2. What argument would Theodore Roosevelt and Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge give FOR American expansion?
3. How did Alfred T. Mahan ‘s book and ideas support American expansion?
4. What was the purpose of the Pan American Conference 1889?
B) Anti-imperialists cited principles of self- determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of
isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territory overseas. (27)
1. What were TWO main arguments AGAINST American expansion given by members of the Anti-Imperialist League based on their platform?
C) The American victory in
the Spanish–American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific,
an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines. (27)
1. What territories (3) did the US acquire as a direct result of the Spanish-American War?
2. Which Pacific Ocean island chain did the US claim as a Territory in 1898?
3. Who won the Nobel Prize for brokering a peace agreement in the Russo-Japanese War?
4. Why did Theodore Roosevelt send the Great White Fleet out?
5. Who (person) led an insurgency (revolt) against US occupations of the Philippines?
6. How many US troops were deployed to end the insurrection in the Philippines? (27)
7. Name TWO methods the US used against Filipino revolutionaries. (27)
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power
while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
II. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national
security and pursue American interests.
A) After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of
noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson’s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.
(29)
1. In WWI, when war broke out in Europe which American called on Americans to be “neutral in thought as well as deed”? (29)
2. What was the main reason neutral US declared war on Germany in WWI?
3. Which American said the US was fighting in WWI to “make the world safe for democracy”?
B) Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S.’s entry helped to tip the balance of
the conflict in favor of the Allies.
1. Define/explain the American Expeditionary Force (AEF).(30)
2. When did the first US troops make it to Europe to fight in the war? How long was this after the Congress declared war? (30)
3. In what 4 European countries did the US participate in operations during the war? (30)
4. Which WWI Battle involved the “first significant engagement of American troops in a European war”? (30)
5. According to your textbook, what were the “United States’ main contributions” to ultimate victory? (30)
C) Despite Wilson’s deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League
of Nations. (30)
1. Who were the “Reservationists”? What were their worries about the Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations?(30)
2. Who were the “Irreconcilables”? What were their objections to the Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations?(30)
3. What was “Article X”? (30)
D) In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace
treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism.
1. Sec. of State Hughes acquired what for American oil companies during the Harding Administration? (32)
2. What 3 treaties were created at the Washington “Disarmament” Conference in 1921-1922?
3. What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928? Why did it fail? (32)
4. Provide TWO examples of US military involvement in Latin America after WWI and in each situation explain why they were there?
E) In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military
action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World
War II.
1. Define Fascism:
2. Define Totalitarianism:
3. Explain ONE of the Neutrality Acts, which preceded WWII.
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power
while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
III. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over
the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership.
A) Americans viewed the war as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies. This
perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust. (35)
1. Explain the significance of the “Four Freedoms” speech given by FDR. What were the FOUR FREEDOMS he spoke about?
2. Give ONE example of Japanese war atrocities.
3. Provide the name of ONE German work camp and ONE German Death camp.
4. Which specific groups in Germany and outside of Germany did the Nazis target in the Holocaust?
B) The mass mobilization of
American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country’s strong industrial base played a pivotal
role in winning the war
by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops. (35)
1. Name THREE US Government sponsored agencies/boards, which were created to manage and help with the war effort.
2. How did the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) help the US in the war effort?
3. How did the US Government “pluck” millions of young men from their homes after Pearl Harbor?
4. How many women were enlisted in “noncombat roles” in the US military during the war?
5. Explain how the “Bracero Program” provided workers for farms & factories? Workers From where?
C) Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the
war’s duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such
as the internment of Japanese Americans.
1. Explain how the “Double V Campaign” was supposed to help decrease or end racism in the US.
2. Explain Why more blacks were “emboldened” to join the NAACP and create the Congress of Racial Equality during and after WWII?
3. Explain Executive Order 9066.
4. What was the court decision in Korematsu v. US (1944) regarding Japanese internment?
D) The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the
contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific “island-hopping” and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic
bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons.
1. Which WWII invasion marked the first time American and British troops fought together against the enemy?
2. Which countries made up the Allied Forces during WWII?
3. Who was the Supreme Allied Commander?
4. What was the code name for the Allied Invasion of France?
5. In which WWII event did radar give Britain and advantage?
Time Period 7 Key Concepts (1890-1945)
E) The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements,
allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth. (35-36)
1. What important decisions were made at the following WWII meetings between the Allies?
a) Atlantic Conference (1941):
b) ABC-1 Agreement:
c) Casablanca Conference (1943):
d) Yalta Conference:
e) Potsdam Conference:
2. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan? Who led the effort?
3. What international peace organization was created after WWII ended? Where was the charter meeting held?
4. What important decisions were made at Bretton Woods Conference?
5. What does NATO mean? What was the purpose it was created? Who were its members?