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APUSH KEY CONCEPTS
Period7:1890-1945
KeyConcept7.1:Growthexpandedopportunity,whileeconomicinstabilityledtoneweffortstoreformU.S.societyanditseconomic
system.
I.TheUnitedStatescontinueditstransitionfromarural,agriculturaleconomytoanurban,industrialeconomyledbylarge
companies.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø WXT-2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzeways
thatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
Ø WXT-3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.
Ø MIG-2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnited
States,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
A.NewtechnologiesandmanufacturingtechniqueshelpedfocustheU.S.economyontheproductionofconsumergoods,contributingto
improvedstandardsofliving,greaterpersonalmobility,andbettercommunicationssystems. B.By1920,amajorityof theU.S.populationlivedinurbancenters,whichofferedneweconomicopportunitiesforwomen,international
migrants,andinternalmigrants. C.Episodesofcreditandmarketinstabilityintheearly20thcentury,inparticulartheGreatDepression, ledtocallsforastrongerfinancial
regulatorysystem.
II.IntheProgressiveEraoftheearly20thcentury,Progressivesrespondedtopoliticalcorruption,economicinstability,andsocial
concernsbycallingforgreatergovernmentactionandotherpoliticalandsocialmeasures.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø POL-2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmerican
societyandinstitutions.
Ø POL-3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehave
affectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.
Ø GEO-1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,
andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamong
differentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
Ø CUL-3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
A.SomeProgressiveErajournalistsattackedwhattheysawaspoliticalcorruption,socialinjustice,andeconomicinequality,while
reformers,oftenfromthemiddleandupperclassesandincludingmanywomen,workedtoeffectsocialchangesincitiesandamong
immigrantpopulations. B.Onthenationallevel,Progressivessoughtfederallegislationthattheybelievedwouldeffectivelyregulatetheeconomy,expand
democracy,andgeneratemoralreform.ProgressiveamendmentstotheConstitutiondealtwithissuessuchasprohibitionandwoman
suffrage. C.Preservationistsandconservationistsbothsupportedtheestablishmentofnationalparkswhileadvocatingdifferentgovernment
responsestotheoveruseofnaturalresources. D.TheProgressivesweredividedovermanyissues.SomeProgressivessupportedSouthernsegregation, whileothersignoreditspresence.
SomeProgressivesadvocatedexpandingpopularparticipationingovernment,whileotherscalledforgreaterrelianceonprofessionaland
technicalexpertstomakegovernmentmoreefficient.Progressivesalsodisagreedaboutimmigrationrestriction. III.Duringthe1930s,policymakersrespondedtothemassunemploymentandsocialupheavalsoftheGreatDepressionby
transformingtheU.S.intoalimitedwelfarestate,redefiningthegoalsandideasofmodernAmericanliberalism.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø POL-1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshave
developedandchanged.
Ø POL-3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehave
affectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.
Ø WXT-1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplain
theireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.
Ø WXT-2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzeways
thatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
A.FranklinRoosevelt’sNewDealattemptedtoendtheGreatDepression byusinggovernmentpowertoproviderelieftothepoor,stimulate
recovery,andreformtheAmericaneconomy. B.Radical,union,andpopulistmovementspushedRoosevelttowardmoreextensiveeffortstochangetheAmericaneconomicsystem,while
conservativesinCongressandtheSupremeCourtsoughttolimittheNewDeal’sscope. C.AlthoughtheNewDealdidnotendtheDepression,itleftalegacyofreformsandregulatoryagenciesandfosteredalong-termpolitical
realignmentinwhichmanyethnicgroups,AfricanAmericans,andworking-classcommunitiesidentifiedwiththeDemocraticParty. KeyConcept7.2:Innovationsincommunicationsandtechnologycontributedtothegrowthofmassculture,whilesignificantchanges
occurredininternalandinternationalmigrationpatterns.
I.PopularculturegrewininfluenceinU.S.society,evenasdebatesincreasedovertheeffectsofcultureonpublicvalues,morals,and
Americannationalidentity.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø NAT-2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsof
citizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.
Ø WXT-3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.
Ø CUL-1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.
Ø CUL-2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyand
institutions.
Ø CUL-4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,have
emergedandchangedovertime.
A.Newformsofmassmedia,suchasradioandcinema,contributedtothespreadofnationalcultureaswellasgreaterawareness of
regionalcultures. B.Migrationgaverisetonewformsofartandliteraturethatexpressedethnicandregionalidentities,suchtheHarlemRenaissance
movement. C.OfficialrestrictionsonfreedomofspeechgrewduringWorldWarI,asincreasedanxietyaboutradicalismledtoaRedScareandattacks
onlaboractivismandimmigrantculture. D.Inthe1920s,culturalandpoliticalcontroversiesemergedasAmericansdebatedgenderroles,modernism,science,religion,andissues
relatedtoraceandimmigration. II.Economicpressures,globalevents,andpoliticaldevelopmentscausedsharpvariationsinthenumbers,sources,andexperiencesof
bothinternationalandinternalmigrants.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø CUL-4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,have
emergedandchangedovertime.
Ø MIG-1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyze
immigration’seffectsonU.S.society.
Ø MIG-2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnited
States,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
A.ImmigrationfromEuropereacheditspeakinthe yearsbeforeWorldWarI.DuringandafterWorldWarI,nativistcampaignsagainst
someethnicgroupsledtothepassageofquotasthatrestrictedimmigration,particularlyfromsouthernandeasternEurope,andincreased
barrierstoAsianimmigration. B.TheincreaseddemandforwarproductionandlaborduringWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandtheeconomicdifficultiesofthe1930sled
manyAmericanstomigratetourbancentersinsearch ofeconomicopportunities. C.InaGreatMigrationduringandafterWorldWarI,AfricanAmericansescapingsegregation,racialviolence,andlimitedeconomic
opportunityintheSouthmovedtotheNorthandWest,wheretheyfoundnewopportunitiesbutstillencountereddiscrimination. D.MigrationtotheUnitedStatesfromMexicoandelsewhereintheWesternHemisphereincreased, inspiteofcontradictorygovernment
policiestowardMexicanimmigration.
KeyConcept7.3:ParticipationinaseriesofglobalconflictspropelledtheUnitedStatesintoapositionofinternationalpowerwhile
renewingdomesticdebatesoverthenation’sproperroleintheworld.
I.Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,newU.S.territorialambitionsandacquisitionsintheWesternHemisphereandthe
PacificaccompaniedheightenedpublicdebatesoverAmerica’sroleintheworld.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø NAT-3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternational
conflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.
Ø WOR-2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesin
NorthAmericaandoverseas.
A.Imperialistscitedeconomicopportunities,racialtheories,competitionwithEuropeanempires,andtheperceptioninthe1890sthatthe
Westernfrontierwas“closed”toarguethatAmericansweredestinedtoexpandtheircultureandinstitutionstopeoplesaroundtheglobe. B.Anti-imperialistscitedprinciplesofself-determinationandinvokedbothracialtheoriesandtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionof
isolationismtoarguethattheU.S.shouldnotextenditsterritoryoverseas. C.TheAmericanvictoryin theSpanish–AmericanWarledtotheU.S.acquisitionofislandterritoriesintheCaribbeanandthePacific,an
increaseininvolvementinAsia,andthesuppressionofanationalistmovementinthePhilippines. II.WorldWarIanditsaftermathintensifiedongoingdebatesaboutthenation’sroleintheworldandhowbesttoachievenational
securityandpursueAmericaninterests.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø NAT-1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthe
developmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.
Ø NAT-3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementin
internationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.
Ø WOR-2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesin
NorthAmericaandoverseas.
A.AfterinitialneutralityinWorldWarI,thenationenteredtheconflict,departingfromtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionofnoninvolvement
inEuropeanaffairs,inresponsetoWoodrowWilson’scallforthedefenseofhumanitariananddemocraticprinciples. B.AlthoughtheAmericanExpeditionaryForcesplayed arelativelylimitedroleincombat,theU.S.’sentryhelpedtotipthebalanceofthe
conflictinfavoroftheAllies. C.DespiteWilson’sdeepinvolvementinpostwarnegotiations,theU.S.SenaterefusedtoratifytheTreatyofVersaillesorjointheLeagueof
Nations. D.IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theUnitedStatespursuedaunilateralforeignpolicythatusedinternationalinvestment,peace
treaties,andselectmilitaryinterventiontopromoteavisionofinternationalorder,evenwhilemaintainingU.S.isolationism. E.Inthe1930s,whilemanyAmericanswereconcernedabouttheriseoffascism andtotalitarianism,mostopposedtakingmilitaryaction
againsttheaggressionof NaziGermanyandJapanuntiltheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.
III.U.S.participationinWorldWarIItransformedAmericansociety,whilethevictoryoftheUnitedStatesanditsalliesovertheAxis
powersvaultedtheU.S.intoapositionofglobal,political,andmilitaryleadership.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusonExamQuestions)
Ø NAT-3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementin
internationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.
Ø NAT-4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplain
howthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.
Ø CUL-3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
Ø WOR-2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesin
NorthAmericaandoverseas.
A.Americansviewedthewarasafightforthesurvivaloffreedomanddemocracyagainstfascist andmilitaristideologies.Thisperspective
waslaterreinforcedbyrevelationsaboutJapanesewartimeatrocities,Naziconcentrationcamps,andtheHolocaust. B.Themassmobilizationof AmericansocietyhelpedendtheGreatDepression,andthecountry’sstrongindustrialbaseplayedapivotal
roleinwinningthewar byequippingandprovisioningalliesandmillionsofU.S.troops. C.Mobilizationandmilitaryserviceprovidedopportunitiesforwomenandminoritiestoimprovetheirsocioeconomicpositionsforthe
war’sduration,whilealsoleadingtodebatesoverracialsegregation.Wartimeexperiencesalsogeneratedchallengestocivilliberties,such
astheinternmentofJapaneseAmericans. D.TheUnitedStatesanditsalliesachievedmilitaryvictorythroughAlliedcooperation,technologicalandscientificadvances,the
contributionsofservicemenandwomen,andcampaignssuchasPacific“island-hopping”andtheD-Dayinvasion.Theuseofatomicbombs
hastenedtheendofthewarandsparkeddebatesaboutthemoralityofusingatomicweapons. E.Thewar-ravagedconditionofAsiaandEurope,andthedominantU.S.roleintheAlliedvictory andpostwarpeacesettlements,allowed
theUnitedStatestoemergefromthewarasthemostpowerfulnationonearth.