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Biology EOC Review
NAME_______________________________________________________
Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.
1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific
investigations.
1.02 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions (create testable
hypotheses, identify variables, use a control or comparison group when appropriate, select
and use appropriate measurement tools, collect and record data, organize data into charts and
graphs, analyze and interpret data, communicate findings).
You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which
its gills open. The data is below. Graph this data. “Y” axis – breathing rate; “X” axis – Temp.
Breathing rate Temperature
19/min 5 deg C
25/min 10 deg C
30/min 20 deg C
34/min 30 deg C
37/min 35 deg C
What is the independent variable? The dependent variable?
Temperature
Breathing rate
What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?
Line (each point has two numbers)
What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?
Breathing rate increases
What would be a good control for this experiment?
Measure breathing rate of fish in regular environment
How do you think the breathing rate was measured?
Counting movements of gill cover or mouth openings
What do you think would happen if you raised the
temperature even more?
Fish might die at some point – living systems cannot handle too much increase in T.
Why would it be a bad idea to do this?
Death of fish
1.03 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic
and evidence to: explain observations, make inferences and predictions, explain the
relationship between evidence and explanation.
An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae
was determined by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission, the greater the
algae growth blocking the transmission of light. Important!
Looking at the graph on the next page what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in
the water? As weeks progress, the level of nitrate has a bigger impact on algae growth.
What other data would you like to have? Optimum nitrate for algae growth, temperature, amount of light
What would you predict would happen if this same data was gathered at the end of week 8?
The algae might have overgrown and died – light transmission might increase.
Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?
Nitrates are fertilizers; improve growth; needed for building amino acids and nucleic acids
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Biology EOC Review
1.04 Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies. (Recognize and avoid potential
hazards, safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations.)
What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria?
Use gloves; goggles; do not expose bacteria to air unnecessarily.
Why must care be used when working with bacteria?
Bacteria can cause disease and should be handled with care.
What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research?
Answers will vary – animals should not be tortured or used in a way that causes great pain.
1.05 Analyze reports of scientific investigations from an informed scientifically literate viewpoint
including considerations of: appropriate sample, adequacy of experimental controls,
replication of findings, and alternative interpretations of the data.
Read the following article and answer the questions.
SPINACH MAY CUT STOMACH ULCER RISK - May 15, 2008
Vegetables rich in nitrates, such as spinach, may help to protect against stomach ulcers thanks to
bacteria in the mouth, a Swedish study suggests. The work challenges earlier suggestions that a diet rich
in nitrates could pose a health risk.
Joel Petersson was awarded his PhD by the University of Uppsala on May 9 for the study, which
shows that rats fed on a nitrate-rich diet had a thicker layer of mucus lining their stomachs, protecting
them from hydrochloric acid in gastric juice and cutting the risk of ulcers.
Petersson found that mouth bacteria play a vital part in the process. Nitrates in food are absorbed
in the gut and enter the blood stream. From here they get into saliva but are reduced to nitrites by oral
bacteria. After being swallowed, the nitrites are reduced to nitric oxide by stomach acid. Nitric oxide, an
important signaling molecule, triggers an increase in the flow of blood to the stomach, helping to renew
and thicken its mucus lining.
When Petersson gave rats an antibacterial mouthwash to kill the oral bacteria, he found they
were more vulnerable to stomach ulcers. He suggests that people using these mouthwashes regularly
may be at risk, especially if they are also frequent users of nonsteroidal pain killers like aspirin which
can also damage the stomach lining. 'There are other much safer ways of blocking the production of the
sulphur-containing compounds in the mouth if you have bad breath,' he said.
Between 60 and 80 per cent of the nitrates consumed in a normal Western diet come from
vegetables, with beetroot, celery and spinach containing particularly high-levels of 1-3g per kilo.
Studies in the 1970s suggested a link between high nitrate levels in drinking water and both
stomach cancer and the rare blood condition in babies, methaemoglobinaemia. 'We have since wasted
millions in trying to reduce nitrate levels in drinking water when there is no real evidence to show that it
is harmful to humans. If you do eat a lot of nitrate it is very easily dealt with - you just pee it out,'
Petersson said.
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"The Swedish study has shown this further effect in animals and I would certainly expect
the same mechanism to exist in the human stomach "
- Nigel Benjamin
Nigel 'Ben' Benjamin, now a consultant in acute medicine at the Peninsula Medical School
in Plymouth, UK, discovered a different protective mechanism for nitrates in the 1990s. He showed that
the combination of nitric oxide and acid controlled the growth of dangerous bacteria like salmonella in
the gut. 'The Swedish study has shown this further effect in animals and I would certainly expect the
same mechanism to exist in the human stomach,' said Benjamin. 'This is exciting work and gives us
further reasons for eating a diet that contains lots of fresh vegetables.'
John Bonner
QUESTIONS:
The experiment above was done on rats. Is there any reason to think that it might apply to humans.
Rats are mammals like humans and their genetics and functions are similar.
What else would you like to know about this topic before you start eating spinach every day?
Have other experiments confirmed these results; are there any harmful effects to eating a lot of spinach?
There is conflicting data from the 1970’s. How do you decide what is the most scientifically accurate?
Look for further studies. Look for recent studies.
Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.
2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic
molecules:
Macromolecules
Function
Subunits
Carbohydrates
Quick energy; plant cell walls
Monosaccharides
such as glucose
Proteins
Serve as enzymes, antibodies, plasma membrane
Amino acids
inclusions; carrier molecules (hemoglobin); structural
Lipids
Long term energy storage, insulation, plasma membranes
Glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
Nucleotides (sugar,
Nucleic Acids
Carry instructions for making proteins; also carry those
phosphate, Nit. base)
instructions to the ribosomes
Specific Molecule
Starch
carbohydrate
Cellulose
carbohydrate
Insulin
protein
Glycogen
carbohydrate
Glucose
carbohydrate
Enzymes
protein
Hemoglobin
protein
Fats
lipids
DNA
Nucleic acid
RNA
Nucleic acid
Function
Plants store glucose as starch – source of energy
Subunits
glucose
Form the cell walls of plants
glucose
Used to help store glucose in liver as glycogen
Amino acids
Animals store glucose as glycogen – source of energy
Glucose
Simple sugar used in cellular respiration (aerobic and
anaerobic); energy is released
Catalysts for chemical reactions (both synthesis and
decomposition)
Oxygen carrier molecule found in the blood
Amino acids
Used for long term energy storage and insulation – as well
as forming cell membranes
Found in nucleus – carries instructions for making
proteins
Form the ribosomes, forms mRNA to carry genetic info to
ribosome, forms tRNA which carry amino acids to ribo.
Amino acids
Glycogen and fatty
acids
nucleotides
nucleotides
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Biology EOC Review
Describe the following nutrient tests:
Nutrient
Starch
Type of Test
For presence of starch
Negative Test
Stays brownish gold
Positive Test
Turns blue black
Lipids
Brown paper bag
No greasy mark
Has a greasy mark
Monosaccharides
Benedict’s Test
Stays turquoise blue
Protein
Biuret’s test
Turns brick red
(orange)
Turns pinkish violet
Stays deep purplish
blue
Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. Enzymes function by lock and key – each enzyme
has to fit the molecules that it joins together or breaks apart; if it does not fit, it cannot function.
Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme.
The order of the amino acids determines the secondary and tertiary levels of structure.
Explain why enzymes are specific.
2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell
specialization, and communication among cells within an organism.
Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.
Cell Part and Letter Structure Description
Function
Nucleus
Porous nuclear envelope; contains
Carries code for what proteins to
A, 6
chromosomes (DNA) and nucleolus
make (inherited information)
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
Regulates what leaves and enters
K, near 11
proteins, etc.
cell
Cell wall
Composed of cellulose; surrounds
Gives structure to plant cells
PLANTS only J
plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Two membrane layers; inner membrane Where parts of aerobic cellular
L, 1
folded to incr. surface area
respiration takes place
Vacuoles G, 3
Membrane bound sacs
Sacs -hold food or water; in animals,
Large in PLANTS
small vesicles hold materials
Chloroplasts I
Structures containing stroma and grana
Site of photosynthesis
PLANTS only
Ribosomes
Small beads of RNA found on ER or in
Site of protein synthesis (“read” the
F, 13
cytoplasm
code found on mRNA)
Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? (LEFT)
Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Chloroplast, cell wall, large central water vacuole
Which structures are found only in the animal cell? centriole
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Biology EOC Review
Microscope Use:
Put the following steps for making a wet mount slide in order.
A. Once the object is located, without moving the adjustment, change to medium power
B. Put the tissue on the slide
C. Switch to high power and bring the object into clear focus again.
D. Add a coverslip
E. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope
F. Add a drop of water
G. Try to locate the object using low power and coarse adjustment
H. Use fine adjustment to bring the object into clear focus.
1) ___B__ 2) __F___ 3) __D ___ 4) _ E ____ 5) __G___ 6) __A___ 7) __H___ 8) _C____
How do you determine total magnification of a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece magnifies 10 x and
the objective magnifies 40 x) 10 times 40 = 400x
Draw how the letter “e” would look as view through a microscope? Upside down and reversed left to
right
Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
Organ systems
__cells_____
Cells
_tissues___
Organs
_organs____
Tissues
___organ systems__
Below are a variety of cells from the human body.
Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell)
Nerve cell on left, sperm is top middle, white blood cell is lower middle, red blood cell top right, muscle
cell bottom right
Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? What organelle
is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?
Sperm cell; flagellum; mitochondrion (for cellular respiration)
Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?
Red blood cell; to carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells
Which cell is involved in the immune system?
White blood cell (B cells, T cells, macrophages)
Which cell helps in movement of bones? What happens in these cells to make that movement possible?
Muscle cell; contraction involving muscle proteins (myosin and actin)
Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? What is the direction of these messages? How do the
messages get from one cell to the next? Neuron (nerve cell); from top (dendrites) to bottom (axon);
neurotransmitters
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Biology EOC Review
Hormones:
What structures produce hormones?
Glands
How do hormones travel throughout a body?
Through the circulatory system
What is the function of hormones?
Regulation of body functions; growth; metabolism, etc.
What is a feedback mechanism? When hormone product increases that concentration slows production of
the hormone; if hormone product decreases, that concentration triggers release of hormone (negative
feedback)
The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.
What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules? Molecule channels; proton pumps;
some enzymes/hormones (temporary); antigens for cell recognition; connection to other cells;
2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis,
movement of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
Explain what has happened in the diagram to
the left. Water passed to right; starch could
not move through membrane – too large.
Why did the large dark molecules NOT
move to the left? Too large for membrane
pores
How is the semipermeable membrane like a
cell membrane? Cell membranes have pores
that selectively move materials in and out.
If the dark molecule is starch, where is the
starch concentration greatest (left or right)?
If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? On left
In osmosis, water moves from an area of __high________ to an area of ______low___ concentration.
If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? From right to left Why? High
concentration is on right; low is on left and molecules move from high to low concentration.
In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ___high_____ to an area of __low______ concentration.
What is osmotic pressure? The difference between concentrations of molecules on each side of
membrane – greater the difference, the greater the osmotic pressure.
Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.
----------------------------------------b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. --------------------
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Biology EOC Review
What is homeostasis?
Regulation of internal environment; maintenance of balance and stability
How do cells maintain homeostasis: Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance
(negative feedback of hormone systems maintains homeostasis); insulin and glucagon work together to
maintain blood sugar; osmosis regulates water; temperature regulation through sweating, shivering, blood
vessels opening wide and becoming smaller; pH through buffers and H ions.
Comparison of active and passive transport
Requires energy?
Low to high concentration or
high to low concentration?
Examples
PASSIVE TRANPORT
NO
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
YES
High to Low
Low to High
Osmosis of water; movement of
glucose
Neurons – sodium/potassium
pumps or iodine in thyroid
Energy
Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows
on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
What cellular process produces ATP?
Cellular respiration
What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
To provide energy for all cell processes that require energy – active
transport for example.
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic
respiration, and photosynthesis.
Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)
A) water + carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen gas (Photosynthesis)
B) glucose + oxygen gas = carbon dioxide + water ( Aerobic Cellular Respiration)
C) glucose = ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide (Fermentation; anaerobic cellular respiration)
A)
B)
C)
Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? A
Which of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? C
Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? B
Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? A
Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? B anc C
Which reaction releases the most energy? B
Why? Oxygen allows complete breakdown of glucose
Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A
What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? Trap sun’s energy
Which reaction requires light? A
What is the light used for? Provides radiant energy which is
stored as chemical energy in glucose
Which organisms carry out process A? plants
Which organisms carry out process B? all organisms except anaerobes
Which organisms carry out process C? anaerobes (bacteria) and yeast
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Biology EOC Review
Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Photosynthesis
Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? Aerobic Cellular Respiration
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A? amount of light; water, carbon dioxide;
temperature; pH
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B? amount of glucose; amount of oxygen;
temperature; pH
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process C? amount of glucose; temperature; pH
2.04 Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance
in biological systems.
What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why are they necessary for all biochemical
reactions? To speed up the combining or break down of substances; the reactions would be too slow to be
compatible with life.
Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again.
Not changed by the reactions that they catalyze.
Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?
Enzymes function by shape (lock and key) so there is just one enzyme for each type of reaction.
How do extreme pH and extreme temperature affect enzymes?
Extremes in pH or temperature can alter the secondary and tertiary bonds of a protein; altered shape
means altered function.
Explain the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates. The substrate fits the enzyme like a lock fits
a key; there is an active site where the substrate fits into the enzyme.
Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of
organisms over time.
3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis
(transcription and translation), and gene regulation.
Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what else needs to be added to
this strand to make it a double helix? Give the nucleotide sequence. Another strand that is hydrogen
bonded to the nitrogen bases – left to right (C T G G C T)
What are the black pentagons?
What are the nitrogen bases?
If the strand of
DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the
sequence of the mRNA be?C U G G C U
After translation, what would the amino acid sequence
be for this section of mRNA? leu ala
What is a codon? 3 mRNA bases that code for a specific
amino acid.
Compare RNA and DNA in the following table
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where
In Cell
Function
RNA
ribose
AUCG
single
Nucleus and cytoplasm
DNA
deoxyribose
ATCG
double
Nucleus
mRNA – carry code to
ribosome; tRNA – carry
amino acids to ribosome;
rRNA – read code and
connect amino acids in order
Contains the
code to make
proteins
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Biology EOC Review
What kind of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?
Covalent peptide bonds
What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? See chart above:
What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds
Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
They will need to be broken for replication and for transcription
What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
The code is changed (different bases are in the DNA strand)
How does this affect the mRNA?
Bases in mRNA will be different
How can this affect translation?
This may mean a different amino acid is in the protein strand
How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?
This can cause a change in the shape of the protein (change in tertiary and secondary bonding)
Cell Cycle:
Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.
When does the duplication of DNA occur? What is
this phase called? Interphase (S phase – synthesis)
What do GI and G2 represent?
G1 – equals growth after cell division; G2 is growth
after DNA replicates.
Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the
cytoplasm)? NO
Gene Expression and Regulation
In the diagram to the left, what is the role of the RNA
polymerase? Helps make MRNA
What is the role of the repressor?
Stop transcription
The gene codes for lactase, an enzyme that digests
milk sugar (lactose). When lactose is present what
happens to the repressor?
The repressor bonds with the lactose and does not
bond to DNA to prevent transcription
When the repressor does not attach to the repressor
region of the gene, what happens to gene expression?
The gene is expressed; RNA polymerase can transcribe the DNA into mRNA – for building lactase.
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Biology EOC Review
If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a nerve
cell functions differently from a muscle cell. Different genes are turned on in different types of cells.
Why does a pancreas cell produce insulin in great amounts but a white blood cell does not?
Because the insulin gene is turned on in the pancreas cell but not as much in a white blood cell.
There are advantages and disadvantages to the overproduction of proteins by a cell. Describe the
advantages and disadvantages for an injured cell. Overproduction in an injured cell can help it heal if the
proteins are needed; but overproduction of unneeded proteins could hinder healing.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages in a cancerous cell.
Too much of certain proteins in a cancerous cell could promote tumor production in other cells.
3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
MITOSIS
Asexual
MEIOSIS
Sexual
2N
2N
2N
1N
1 division
2 divisions
Number of cells produced
2
4
When does replication happen?
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over
Random assortment of
chromosomes
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
fertilization
interphase
interphase
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (1N=haploid or
2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order.
C, B, E, A, D
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Biology EOC Review
3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits,
multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees,
and Punnett squares)
In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the
genotype for the parents. Tt
Give the phenotype for the parents. tall
What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
TT – tall, Tt – tall, tt - short
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
3 Tall: 1 short
What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.
Nutrition, exercise, disease
Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure
breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
RR x WW = all RW
Red parent crosses with white parent gives all pink offspring.
Explain the inheritance of the following disorders:
(autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? Sex-linked dominant? Sex-linked recessive?)
Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal recessive (but sort of incomplete)
Cystic fibrosis: Autosomal recessive
Huntington Disease:
Autosomal dominant
Blood type
If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O
blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i)
Parents are IAi and IBi because that is the only way to get an ii child (type O)
What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?
25%
What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?
0% Their children will be IAIB, IAi, IBi, and ii
What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? 25%
A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the
mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O
blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain. Man #1 is ruled out; child needs
to get “i” from each parent.
Polygenic traits
Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?
Traits that are controlled by more than one gene.
Using 3 genes (A,a and B,b and C,c) explain hair color in terms of these genes. How many phenotypes
are possible? AABBCC would be darker hair than AaBbCC; the lightest hair would be aabbcc. And
there would be all shades in between.
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Biology EOC Review
Sex Chromosomes
What are the male sex chromosomes in humans? XY
What are the female sex chromosomes in humans? XX
Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on? X
Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. XHXh x XHY
What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.
25%
What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?
0%
What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?
25%
Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder? They only need to get the disorder allele from
their mother not from both parents.
Karyotype
What is the gender of the person
whose karyotype is shown to the left?
female
What is the disorder that this person
has? What is your evidence?
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome); there
are 3 # 21 chromosomes
What are some of the characteristics
of this disorder? Mental retardation;
shorter stature; simian palm crease;
low set ears; thick tongue; some heart
defects sometimes.
Pedigrees
What is the inheritance pattern shown by this
pedigree?
Autosomal recessive
How do you know?
Both males and females; parents don’t have it;
kids do.
Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II4?
aa
What is the genotype of person I3?
Aa
Test Cross
Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a
dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.
cross the animal with a recessive; if the animal is Aa crossed with aa – then ½ of the offspring will be
recessive; if the animal is AA crossed with aa – all offspring will show the dominant trait.
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Biology EOC Review
Mendel’s Laws
Explain each of Mendel’s Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.
1) Law of segregation of characters (alleles)
When meiosis occurs, each of the pairs of alleles is separated and end up in different cells. Each gamete
only receives one copy.
2) Law of independent assortment (of alleles) Each pair of alleles separate randomly. As long as alleles
are on different chromosomes they will assort into the gametes independently of each other. Where one
allele ends up does not affect where an allele from a different gene ends up.
How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment? In meiosis, during the first division,
the alleles separate with one allele of each pair going to one cell and the other one to a different cell.
Each chromosome assorts independently of the others.
A problem to solve:
A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were
crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation).
Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.
B = Brown; b = silverblue Parents of F1 are BB and bb. Offspring are Bb – all brown
Parents of F2 are Bb and Bb – offspring are ¼ BB, 2/4 Bb, and ¼ bb – or 3 brown to 1 silverblue
3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on individuals and society (Human genome project and
applications of biotechnology)
What are the goals of the human genome project and when were they established? Started in 1990;
completed in 2003; to sequence the entire human genome; store info in data bases; discover genes that
code for traits,
How will the human genome project be useful in determining whether individuals may carry genes for
genetic conditions? The sequenced genome can be compared to individual genomes to see if there are
differences that might be indicative of a genetic condition.
How will the human genome project be useful in developing gene therapies? Once the effects of genes
are determined, therapies can be developed.
To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case.
Could the defendant be the rapist?
Explain your answer.
No – the bands do note match the male DNA found in the vagina.
Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain.
The fragments that are furthest from the source or top. Agarose is
fibrous, smaller fragments can travel quicker through the gel.
What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?
Forensics, anthropology (dead sea scrolls – goat versus sheep skin – can help in
aging them), wildlife management (amount of genetic variation is species –
migration patterns, etc), paternity
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Biology EOC Review
Transgenic organisms:
Describe the process that is shown in
the diagram to the left. A human
gene is inserted into a bacterial
plasmid and the protein product of
the gene will be made by the
bacteria.
What is the value of this technology?
Pure human proteins can be
produced in mass and relatively
cheaply. Pure insulin – so much
better for person than horse or pig.
What are some other applications of
this type of technology?
(Transgenic organisms) To have
plants produce their own pesticide;
produce better yield food crops; to
produce model organisms for
research
This process can be used to make
GMO’s –genetically modified
organisms. What are some of the
ethical issues surrounding this
technology? Release into the
environment? Human health?
Stem Cells
The diagram to the right shows how stem
cells can develop into many types of
different cells. What are some of the
potential benefits that could come from the
growing of stem cells in a laboratory?
New organs could be grown (no rejection);
cancerous cells replaced with good cells;
genetic disorders replaced by new cells
What are some of the ethical issues
surrounding the collection and use of stem
cells? Embryonic stem cells come from
embryos and how those embryos are
collected is problematic;
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Biology EOC Review
3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including:
development of the theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence,
mechanisms of evolution, and applications (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of
evolution.
Understanding of geology
(Changes in the earth)
Malthus’ ideas about population
Growth
Anatomical comparisons
Patterns in fossil evidence
Lamarck’s ideas about inheritance
Of acquired characteristics
Biochemical comparisons
(DNA and proteins)
The role of variations
The role of sexual reproduction
The role of geographic isolation
The importance of the
environment
Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory
Understand earth changes explains why organisms might change to
fit the new environments.
Organisms reproduce exponentially but the world is not overcrowed
by organisms – because they compete to survive
Similar anatomy suggests similar ancestry
Following the patterns and aging the fossils suggests evolutionary
trees.
Acquired characteristics are not inherited because the genes have
not been affected.
Similar DNA and/or proteins suggests similar ancestry
Variations provide the fuel for natural selection. Those variations
that are advantageous are selected for; survive and are passed on
Sexual reproduction is a source of variation.
Geographic isolation can lead to speciation – when organisms are
evolving in two different enevironment.
Environments select for the adaptations that best suit the organisms
for survival in that environment.
Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
1) populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?
Mutations and sexual reproduction
2) organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not?
Competition for resources – only the hardiest survive
3) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?
Characteristics that fit the organism to the environment
4) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?
Some adaptations help the organisms survive better than other adaptations.
5) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and
pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?
“Fit” in an environment means
the organisms is more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on those genes.
6) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the
frequency of selected genes increase? Because organisms with those alleles have survived to reproduce;
the organisms with other alleles did not survive to reproduce (as frequently).
7) When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation?
The appearance of a group of organisms that are different enough from their ancestors that they could no
longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring with those ancestors.
Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide)
using the steps listed above.
Bacteria are exposed to antibiotic; a few of the bacteria have a variation that makes them resistant to the
antibiotic; those bacteria survive in the antibiotic environment; they are the bacteria that reproduce and
their genes are passed on; the new generation has a much high frequency of the resistance genes. If this
happens over millions or year, speciation could occur.
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Biology EOC Review
What are the differences between abiogenesis and biogenesis?
Abiogenesis is life arising from non-living things; biogenesis is life arising from living things
What did Louis Pasteur contribute to our understanding of the origins of life? Using “S” shaped flask,
Pasteur showed that living things could only arise from other living things.
Explain Miller and Urey’s hypothesis.
Organic molecules could be synthesis from the inorganic
molecules in the early environment (water vapor,
methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas)
Why did Miller and Urey put those particular gases into
their experiment? They were hypothesized to be the
gases of the early environment.
What type of organic molecules did they find?
Amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides
What is the significance of their experiments?
It helps explain how living things might first have
evolved.
Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes
probably evolved first. Why? They are the simplest;
there was no oxygen in the environment; living things
would have needed to get energy.
The hypotheses then suggest that prokaryotic autotrophs
probably evolved. Why? More complex than
anaerobes, but still there was no oxygen in environment.
What would enter the atmosphere as a result of these autotrophs appearing? Oxygen gas
Then prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs could evolve. What can these cells do that others before them
cannot? These organisms can use oxygen to get maximum energy from their nutrients.
What is the hypothesis explaining how eukaryotic cells evolved? Endosymbiotic hypothesis – bacteria
began living inside other bacteria mutualistically. Over time, these bacteria became mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.
4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships.
(Historical development and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic
kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)
Explain how the organization of the kingdoms and domains have changed over time.
From 2 kingdoms to 3 to 4 to 5 and then 6 with 3 domains.
What is the current accepted kingdom-domain system?
3 domains – 2 domains of prokaryotes (each with 1 kingdom) and 1 of eukaryotes (with 4 kingdoms).
What is the current seven-level classification system?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is binomial nomenclature? The Genus species name of each type of organism
How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms? All
of these are used to determine relatedness which is a key factor in classification.
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Biology EOC Review
To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some
organisms. According to this tree, which pairs
of organisms are most closely related?
Salamanders and frogs; lizards and snakes; crocs
and birds
Which organism is most closely related to the
rayfinned fish? lungfish
Which organisms are the mammals most closely
related to? Reptiles and birds
Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
Multicellular or
single-celled
Sexual or
asexual
reproduction
Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
Aerobic or
anaerobic
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Single
Single
Single (mainly)
Multi
Multi
Multi
Asexual
Asexual
Both
Both
Sexual
Sexual
Both
Both but not
photosynthe-sis
Both
Both
Hetero
Auto
Hetero
Both
Both
Aerobic
Aerobic
Cell walls or no
cell walls
peptidoglycan
Glycoprotein
Polysacch.
Algae YES
Protozoa NO
chitin
cellulose
none
Both
What are some differences between the bacteria and the archaea? Archaea can chemosynthesis but don’t
use chlorophyll; some archaea are methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles; cell walls are different; only
bacteria can do nitrification. Archaeans have some genes similar to eukaryotes. Archaeans not affected
by many drugs that kill bacteria. Archaeans more like eukaryotes than bacteria.
Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.
1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2
b. leaf is broad……… go to 5
2. a. needles are short ....go to 3
b. needles are long…...go to 4
3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock
b. underside of needles silver ..balsam
4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine
b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine
5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6
b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7
6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen
b. no minty odor…..laurel
needle-like, long needles, in bundle of 3 = pitch pine
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Biology EOC Review
4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish
essential life functions including………….
Fill in the charts below showing how various groups of organisms accomplish the life functions
listed.
Transport of materials
Protists
Diffusion
Excretion
Diffusion
Respiration
Diffusion
Regulation
Contractile vacuoles,
etc.
Diffusion and digestion
in cell
Sexual and asexual
Nutrition
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Just cell growth
Annelids
5 contractile “hearts”;
mostly closed system
Paired nephridia – each
segments
Mainly diffusion
Insects
Dorsal heart; open
circulation
Malpighian tubules;
empty into digestive
Spiracles along side of
body
Small brain; ventral
Brain;ventral nerve
nerve cord; sense organs cord; eyes, antennae
Two opening digestive
Two openings; different
system
sections of system
Some have both sexes in Separate – ovaries,
each org. testes/ovaries
testes, ovipositors
Eggs in cocoons – hatch Metamorphosis (egg,
as small worms
larva, pupa, adult)
Transport of materials
Amphibians
3 chambered heart; closed system
Excretion
Kidneys – empty into cloaca
Respiration
Lungs or gills, also through skin
Regulation
Internal ears, vocal sac; some
poison glands
Two opening; complex organs,
Nutrition
Reproduction
Growth and development
Separate sexes, external
fertilization
Egg, tadpole, adult
Mammals
4 chambered heart; closed system
– veins, arteries, capillaries
Kidneys with ureter, urethra,
bladder
Lungs with trachea, bronchiole
tubes; air sacs
Glands and complex nervous
system with brain
Two opening system with organs
– stomach, intestines, etc.
Separate sexes; placentas; baby
grows in mother
Baby continues to develop after
birth; varies with species
Excretion
Non-vascular Plants
Diffusion through
rhizoids and leaflets
Diffusion
Respiration
Diffusion
Regulation
Diffusion
Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Gymnosperms
Phloem (food) and
Xylem (water) - tubes
Diffusion into needles
and tubes
Diffusion through
needles
Hormones for growth,
etc.
Photosynthesis
Reproduction
Spores – alternation of
generations 1N to 2N
Spores form
gametophytes
Seeds; male & female
cones; fertilization
Seed growth into new
sporophyte (tree)
Transport of materials
Growth and
development
Angiosperms
Phloem (food) and
Xylem (water) - tubes
Diffusion into needles
and tubes
Diffusion through
needles
Hormones for growth,
etc.
Photosynthesis
Seeds – flowers – pollen
- fertilization
Seed growth into new
sporophyte (plant)
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Biology EOC Review
Compare the following two types of cells.
Prokaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles
NO
Ribosomes
YES
Types of chromosomes
Strand and plasmid
size
small
Eukaryotic
YES
YES
Strands
large
Explain what the following systems do:
Transport of materials
Excretion
Respiration
Regulation
Nutrition
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Synthesis
Function of system
Circulation of food, oxygen, hormones, etc. throughout organism.
Elimination of waste (urea, carbon dioxide, excess water, etc.) from
organism.
To bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide so organism can carry out
cellular respiration.
Glands and hormones to regulate body functions; nervous system for
communication and response to environment
System for taking in and digesting nutrients into subunits that can be
absorbed into the circulatory system.
System that allows for reproduction and continuation of the species; often
separate male and female. Meiosis and fertilization ensure variation.
Changes in organism from fertilized egg to adult form. Can vary –
sometimes involves metamorphosis.
This is the building of materials that the organism needs. Digesting cow
protein and building it into human protein, for example.
4.03 Assess, describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success
(structural adaptations in plants and animals, disease-causing viruses and microorganisms,
co-evolution)
Label the following parts on the flower and give their
functions:
Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament
Top left: petals
Bottom left under stamen: anther and then filament
Under Pistil on right: stigma, style, ovary
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Biology EOC Review
Fill in the following charts with the information required.
Protists
Annelid worms
Insects
Feeding Adaptations
Gullets and cilia to get foot into gullet; or pseudopods to surround the food;
flagellae - movement for catching food; trichocysts to subdue food. Also diffusion
Muscles to move around; tentacles; engulf soil; filter feeding; predators
Amphibians
Specialized appendages for eating and palpating; sucking, lapping, etc. Wings and
legs for hopping and flying after food.
Tongue that flings out to traps insects; hopping legs, fast swimmers
Mammals
Claws, large teeth or teeth for grinding;
Protists
Annelid worms
Insects
Amphibians
Mammals
Non-vascular
plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Reproduction Adaptations
Asexual and sexual; join together to
mate – swimming forms of cells
In some both sexes in one organism;
clitellum for mating; hard cover - egg
Ovipositors; internal fertilization (and
external); eat male after mating
External fertilization in water;
amplexus;
Uterus for baby to grow – internal
fertilization
Gametophytes, sperm that swim in
water when it rains.
Cones, seeds, pollen, seeds that can
travel in the wind.
Flowers, buds, petals, pollen, nectar to
attract pollinators
Adaptations to life on Land
Setae for moving; eating soil – filtering to get
nutrients; muscles to move
Hopping legs; spiracles to get oxygen from
air;
Legs to hop; live near water; lungs to breathe
air;
Legs, wings, for getting around; fur to keep
warm; skin that won’t lose water.
Rhizoids to absorb water, live where it is
moist and close to ground
Phloem/xylem, roots, cuticle to prevent water
loss
Phloem/xylem, roots, cuticle to prevent water
loss
Viruses:
Describe the basic structure of a virus.
Protein capsid with RNA or DNA inside.
What is the relationship between disease and mutations in the agents that cause disease?
Disease agent mutations that help them live in a host survive and are passed on. When an organism
develops antibodies to a disease agent, the agent may develop mutations that help it be infectious again.
For the following diseases, give the agent and the symptoms.
Type of pathogen Symptoms of Disease
HIV
Virus
Attack immune system T-4 cells; person gets sick from
opportunistic diseases
Influenza
Virus
Headache, congestion, fever, stomach upset, body aches
Smallpox
Virus
Pustules all over body, fever, aches
Streptococcus
(Strep Throat)
bacterium
Very sore throat, fever, aches; can go systemic and affect
other organs
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Biology EOC Review
What is meant by coevolution? Each organism exerts selective pressure on traits in
the other organism it is in relationship with. So as a flower evolves a longer style, the
pollinator evolves a longer proboscis; in response to the longer proboscis, the flower
evolves a longer style…….etc.
Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how coevolution
works? See above
4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and disease
(genetics, immune response, nutrition, parasites, and toxins)
Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. People who are heterozygous for sickle
cell have some immunity to malaria. This favors the heterozygote and increases recessive allele
frequency.
Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. Use of tobacco products
increases these cancers – chewing tobacco and mouth cancer; smoking cigarettes and lung cancer.
Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure. Sun is necessary to
make vitamin D, but UV radiation causes skin cancer and has been associated with reduced folic acid in
pregnant women; reduced folic acid is related to spinal cord defects in fetuses; balance is needed.
Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics. A healthy diet and regular exercise
keep weight at acceptable levels and reduce diabetes. People with a genetic predisposition to diabetes are
particularly susceptible to weight gain and lack of exercise.
Explain the relationship between PKU and diet. People with PKU have to avoid foods with
phenylalanine – which they are unable to break down.
Immune Response
Label each of the following letters: Disposal C , Mobilization B, Recognition A, Immunity D
What is the function of helper T-cells? Activate and direct other immune cells
What is the function of killer T-cells? Destroy disease agents with antibodies on them
What is the function of cytotoxic T-cells? Destroy body cells infected with a virus
What do B cells produce? antibodies
What is happening at letter C? antibodies are attaching to disease agent
What kind of cells are produced at letter D that keep you from becoming reinfected? Memory B cells
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity? Active immunity happens when
the immune system responds to an antigen by producing antibodies; passive immunity is when antibodies
are put directly into a person.
Explain what vaccines do to the immune system.
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Biology EOC Review
Health and Nutrition
What type of diet contributes to optimal health? Balanced (protein, carbohydrate, lipid); lots of fruits and
vegetables; low in saturated fats and refined sugars.
What type of diet contributes to obesity? High fat and refined sugars; too many calories.
What type of diet contributes to malnutrition? The wrong type of calories – not enough of certain foods
and too much of others.
What happens when someone is deficient in Vitamin C? scurvy Vitamin D? ricketts
Vitamin A? night blindness – vision problems.
Parasites (Malaria)
Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. What is the vector? What are the symptoms? What
are the treatments? Protozoan plasmodium injected by Anopheles mosquito (vector); go to liver then red
blood cells as adult; gametes produced; taken in by mosquito; fertilization; hatching in mosquito – and
continues; causes fever outbursts and chills; can kill mosquitos or use drugs that are quinine based.
Environmental Toxins
Explain the effects on human health of:
Lead: vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, coma or even death; mental effects in young
Mercury: nerve system poison; possible cancer trigger;
4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.
Type of Behavior
Suckling
Explanation of Behavior
Used to get nutrients from mother
Survival Value of Behavior
Need food to survive
Insects moving
away or toward
light
Migration
Phototaxis
Away – to hide
Toward – to get food
Movement to another location
Estivation
Hiding in ground during hot
summer
Hiding in ground during cold winter
Warmer climate better at some times
of year
Avoid too warm temperatures
Hibernation
Habituation
Imprinting
Classical
conditioning
Trial and error
Communication
using pheromones
Courtship dances
Getting used to a stimulus and not
responding to it any more
Following the first organism seen
after hatching
Two stimuli provided – example bell
and food. Animal will respond to
bell only after a while
Keep trying out possibilities until
one works
Termites leave trails of pheromones
so other termites can find food
Male and/or female dance before
they mate
Protecting territory
Avoid freezing weather
If there is a continuous noise, an
organism may not startle any more
Mother is usually the one – will
protect the young
If bell means food, it is a good
adaptive response
Eventually one will work – like
finding food or something.
Keeps species alive
Organisms of the same species find
each other for mating
Territoriality
Preserves space for a particular
species to live without threats
Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)? Suckling, phototaxis, migration, estivation,
hibernation,
Which of the above behaviors are learned? Habituation, imprinting, conditioned response, territoriality,
courtship dances, communication (pheromones)
Which of the above behaviors are social? Suckling, migration, imprinting, territoriality, courtship,
communication
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Biology EOC Review
Goal 5: Learner will develop an understanding of the ecological relationships among
organisms.
5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities,
and ecosystems (techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, carrying capacity)
In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships
Relationship
Definition
Example
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit Bee pollinates flower – flower reproduces;
bee gets nectar
Commensalism
One benefits; the other Barnacles living on whale tail – barnacles get
is not affected
a place to live; whale is unaffected
Parasitism
One benefits the other
Tick gets food; dog loses blood and may
is harmed
become anemic
Predator-Prey
In the graph below, which organism is the prey? hare Which is the predator? fox
Which population increases (or falls) first and why? Hare; prey needs to increase before predator has
enough food to increase.
Which population increases (or falls) second and why? Once fox has enough food, it can increase
Sampling techniques
Assume that the diagram to the left shows populations of pine
trees in an area. The area is too large for a scientist to count
every tree.
How can the scientist use sampling to get a good estimate of the
number of pine trees per 10,000 square meters. Count the
number just in the small plots. And then assume it is the same
all over.
Assume that each small plot (square) is 10 m x 10 m. Estimate
the population size of the whole area. 11/12 = x/100 x = 91-92
How could the same process (above) be used to estimate species diversity? You could sample the
diversity (count how many of each kind of organism) in each plot and then assume it is the same all over.
How could the same process be used to discover changes in the environment over time? Measure
variables at different times of year – but only in the defined plots.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. Food, trees (shelter), nesting sites (plants), waste
List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. Temperature, slope, pH, sunlight/shade,
Give an example of how biotic and abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect
carrying capacity. Cold weather may reduce food supply and keep population from growing very large
because the environment cannot support very many organisms.
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Biology EOC Review
Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time
What kind of growth curve is shown by
the graph to the right? “J” curve
What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?
About 65
During what month were rabbits in
exponential growth?
June and July
Graph 2: Mexico and US
In Mexico, what percentage of the
population is between 0-4 years of age?
16%
In the US?
7%
Which population is growing the fastest?
Mexico
Which age group has the smallest
number in both countries? 75-80 plus
Chart 3: Trapping Geese
Year
Geese
Number with
Trapped Mark
1980
10
1
(10 x 10)/ 1 = 100
1981
15
1
(15 x 10)/ 1 = 150
1982
12
1
(12 x 10)/ 1 = 120
1983
8
0
1984
5
2
(5 x 10)/2 = 25
1985
10
1
(10 x 10)/ 1 = 100
In order to estimate the population of geese in Northern Wisconsin, ecologists marked 10 geese
and then released them back into the population. Over a 6 year period, geese were trapped and
their numbers recorded.
Use the formula to calculate the estimated number of geese in the area studied?
This technique is called __capture ____ & _release_____________
Supposing more of the geese found in the trap had the mark, would the estimated number of
geese in the area be greater or lesser? fewer
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Biology EOC Review
The graph to the left shows the growth
of the human population from 1 A.D. to
2000 A.D. Describe what you see has
happened. Slow growth and then
exponential
Predict what will happen to population
growth in the future and explain your
reasoning. It will be huge if we
extrapolate.
What factors influence birth and death
rate disease, food, weather, competition
5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship
of the carbon cycle to photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and
efficiency of energy transfer).
Carbon cycle Diagram
Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? Burning, cellular respiration
Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? photosynthesis
Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The more gas, the
more the heat is held into the surface of the earth. This causes too much warming; melting ice, etc.
What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? See above
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Biology EOC Review
Food Webs
What are the producers in this food web? Blossoms, nuts, bark, leaves,
What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? Bees, deer, mice, rabbit, insects
What are the secondary consumers in this food web? Bear, wolf, toad, bird
What are the highest level consumers in this food web? Fox, bear, wolf
Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear bottom to top:
leaves, insects, birds, redfox, and bear
Where is the most energy in this pyramid? bottom Where is the least energy? top
What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? Some is lost as heat
Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the
other levels of the energy pyramid. 10,000, 1,000, 100, 10, 1
What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? It is recycled
What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? sun
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Biology EOC Review
5.03 Assess human population and its impact on local ecosystems and global environments (historic
and potential changes in population, factors associated with those changes, climate change, resource
use, sustainable practices/stewardship).
Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment.
Factor
Effect on Environment
Population Size
Not enough resources for populations that are too big; also waste
and pollution collect more
Population Density
Certain areas are more polluted; or have too little food
compared to other areas
Resource Use
Some populations use many more resources per capita
Acid Rain
Habitat Destruction
Introduced non-native species
Pesticide use
Deforestation
Produced by sulfur wastes; kill trees and other environments;
reduce food and upset ecology
Loss of species through habitat destruction to build homes and
roads
These frequently take over (cane toads, kudzu); native species
have a hard time surviving
Kill other species besides the pest; also can cause health
problems in farmers and others.
Less space for other species to live; less photosynthesis; more
carbon dioxide in environment
How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms? Increases in human
population can decrease other populations or kill them with pesticides (bioaccumulation),
What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere? Produce carbon dioxide
What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment?
Answers will vary. Reduce, reuse, recycle; drive less; use hybrid cars; or alternative energies; change
type of light bulb; crop rotation, etc. etc.
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