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Objective 0Explore the effects of drugs and alcohol on consciousness 0Identify major drug categories Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness). Psychopharmacology: Study of psychoactive drugs and their effects on behavior and mental processes. 3 How Drugs “Work” 0Alter interaction between neurotransmitters & receptors 0Others increase or decrease release of specific neurotransmitters 0Cross the blood-brain barrier & enter brain tissues. Dependence & Addiction Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect. 5 Withdrawal & Dependence 1. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence). 2. Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological). 3. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal. 6 Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences. 7 Why Risk Addiction? 0 Curiosity 0 Peer Pressure 0 Parental Use 0 Rebelliousness 0 Escape 0 Self-Handicapping 0 Scapegoat Risking Addiction Risk for addiction depends on lots of things: 0 Personality 0 Genetic makeup 0 Family history 0 Coping skills 0 Drug of choice Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are divided into four groups. 1. 2. 3. 4. Depressants Opiates (Narcotics) Stimulants Hallucinogens 10 STIMULANTS Increase activity in body and nervous system Decrease activity in body and nervous system DEPRESSANTS CATEGORIES OF DRUG USE 0EXPERIMENTAL: 0SOCIAL-RECREATIONAL: 0SITUATIONAL: 0INTENSIVE: 0COMPULSIVE: Depressants Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include: 1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturates/Tranquilizers 3. Opiates 13 Depressants 0Act on the CNS causing relaxation, sedation, loss of consciousness, death 0Strong potential for abuse 0Includes: 0 Alcohol 0 Barbiturates 0 Anti-anxiety drugs like Valium 0 Opiates 14 Alcohol Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness. Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS Drinking and Driving 18 Alcohol Facts 0 How many drinks does it take to bring your BAC to a particular level in one hour. 1. Locate body weight. 2. From left to right, each square represents 1 drink. 3. First dark line indicates a BAC = .04 (impairment). 4. Second dark line to the right indicates a BAC = .10 (legal intoxication in some states) Alcohol Drunk drivers are responsible for almost half of all highway-related fatalities Barbiturates & Tranquilizers 0Barbiturates: depress CNS activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. 0 Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal 0Tranquilizers: lower anxiety, reduce tension 0 Valium, Xanax, Librium, Rohypnol 0 Strong addictive potential 0 Drug interactions with alcohol 21 Depressants 0Opiates: Opium and its derivatives depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 0 Morphine and heroin 0Opioids: synthetic opiates 0Used medically to relieve pain 0Highly addictive http://opioids.com/timeline 0 Oxycontin, oxycodone 22 Stimulants Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamines Methamphetamines 23 Caffeine & Nicotine Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy. http://office.microsoft.com/clipart http://www.tech-res-intl.com 24 5 Hour Energy Monster Energy Red Bull Rockstar Energy Caffeine 215 mg 160 mg 160 mg 160 mg Taurine N/A 1,ooo mg N/A 1,000 mg Vitamin B12 8,333% 100% 80% 100% Carnitine N/A N/A N/A 25 mg. Amphetamines Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood. National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works 27 Ecstasy Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Greg Smith/ AP Photos (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory. 28 Cocaine Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected. http://www.ohsinc.com 29 Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are Ronald K. Siegel psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. 30 Hallucinogens Hemp Plant http://static.howstuffworks.com 1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid. 2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. 31