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ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 09/21/12 Other Features of the Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs o Pads of fibrocartilage o Separate the vertebral bodies o Absorb shocks Intervertebral foramina o Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae allow nerve connections to spinal cord; there is a left and right intervertebral foramen between each two bones o Allow nerves to connect from spinal cord to periphery The Cervical Vertebrae Small body (support only head) Large vertebral foramen (largest part of the spinal cord) All but C7 have short spinous processes Tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid) Transverse foramina where major blood vessel to brain runs The first two cervical vertebrae are specialized o C1: The Atlas – no vertebral body The occipital bone of the skull rocks on the atlas to give forwardbackward motion of the head, as when you nod your head to say “yes” o C2: The Axis – dens-toothlike projection up into C1 When the atlas is stacked on the axis, it swivels around the dens creating head rotation as when you shake your head to say “no” The Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) Larger bodies than C1-C7 Long, slender spinous processes Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets: o Articulate the heads of ribs The Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) Largest vertebrae Oval-shaped bodies Thicker bodies than T1-T12 No costal or transverse costal facets because don’t articulate with ribs The Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum o Curved, more in males than in females Protects reproductive, urinary and digestive organs Attaches axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton Broad muscles that move the thigh Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae Fuses between puberty and ages 25-30 Foramina for nerves to connect to spinal cord Coccyx: o 3-5 tiny vertebrae o fuse in adulthood, may fuse to sacrum in elderly Curvatures of the Spine Four curvatures of the vertebral column o Cervical curve o Thoracic curve o Lumbar curve o Sacral curve Thoracic and sacral curves o Are called primary curves (present during fetal development) o Or accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs) Lumbar and Cervical curves o Are called secondary curves (appear after birth) o Or compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture) The Skeleton of the Chest Supports the thoracic cavity o Consists of: Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum (breastbone) The Rib Cage o Formed of ribs and sternum Functions of Thoracic Cage o Protects organs of the thoracic cavity (Heart, Lungs, Thymus) o Attaches muscles For respiration Of the vertebral column Of the pectoral girdle Of the upper limbs The Ribs Ribs (costae) o Mobile; can absorb shock o Rib movements during breathing affect width and depth of the thoracic cage, changing its volume 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones o Extending from the thoracic vertebrae Ribs 1-7 (true ribs) o Vertebrosternal ribs o Connected to the sternum by costal cartilages Ribs 8-12 (false ribs) o Do not attach directly to the sternum o Vertebronchondral ribs (ribs 8-10) Merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum o Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11-12) Connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles Have no connection with the sternum The Sternum The sternum (breastbone) – A flat bone in the midline of the thoracic cavity Three Parts to the sternum o Manubrium o Sternal body o Xiphoid process The sternal angle is a palpable landmark that is used to located the second rib Development of the Sternum The developing sternal body o Consists of four unfused bones o Completes fusion about age 25 o Transverse lines left at fusion sites The xiphoid process o Last part of the sternum to fuse o Can easily be broken away The Appendicular Skeleton (Text Readings: Chapter 8) Bones of the limbs and supporting bones that connect the limb to the axial skeleton Upper and lower limbs follow the same basic pattern o Girdle= series of bones connecting limb to trunk o Single long bone in proximal limb o Two long bones in distal limb o Series of small bones at wrist and ankle o Similar bones of hand and foot The pectoral girdle attaches the upper limb to the trunk Scapula o Triangular bone ‘floats’ over ribcage in back o Forms joints with clavicle and humerus o Forms shoulder socket o Broad flat region for muscle attachments o Shallow depression forms shoulder socket = glenoid cavity Allows for great mobility at the expense of stability Clavicle (collar bone) o Forms joints with sternum and scapula o Joint with sternum is only point holding upper limb to axial skeleton – important role in stabilizing upper limb o S-Shaped o Fairly thin and fragile Breaks common in children, athletes, babies during childbirth The Humerus is the single bone of the arm Note that anatomically, the arm (brachium) is the region between the shoulder and the elbow, not the entire limb Rounded head at proximal end where it forms the shoulder joint with the scapula – provides great range of movement Held into shoulder socket by ligaments and tendons of the rotator cuff, soft tissues which are frequently injured in athletes Spool-like end at elbow where it forms a hinge-like joint with the ulna The Radius and Ulna are the bones of the Forearm Anatomically, the region between the elbow and wrist is the forearm or antebrachium Ulna is longer and lies on the pinky finger side of the forearm. It has a hook at proximal end which swivels around the humerus to form the elbow joint Radius is shorter and lies on the thumb side of the forearm. It is frequently broken in falls where a person extends their hand. The bones of the wrist 8 small bones of the wrist are carpal bones Have individual names (not responsible for them in this course) Note that they do not all lie in the same plane, but rather they curve into a cup Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Dense connective tissue stretches over the cup created by the carpal bones, creating a carpal tunnel Tendons and an important nerve run through the carpal tunnel into the palm Repetitive movements causes friction of the ligaments, swelling, and compression of the nerve, leading to mobility issues and pain The bones of the hand Metacarpals: 5 long bones in the palm Phalanges of the fingers (14 total): o Thumb has two (proximal and distal) phalanges o All other digits have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal) phalanges The Pelvic Girdle attaches the lower limb to the trunk Two separate hip bones (os coxae), each made from 3 (fused) bones Pubic bones meet anteriorly, joined by a pad of fibrocartilage (pubic sympysis) Sacrum forms joints with each ilium to complete ring known as pelvis Ilium: largest, broad, and flat Ischium: inferior, thickened region, bears most weight when sitting Pubis: anterior portion; bladder lies behind 3 bones meet to form a rounded cup the hip socket called the acetabulum The Pelvis is slightly different in males and females Due largely to needs of childbearing, female pelvis has: o Larger opening to abdomen (pelvic inlet) and below pelvic outlet o Broader angle between pubic bones o Less inward curvature of sacrum/coccyx The Femur the single bone of the thigh Note that anatomically, the thigh is the region between the hip and the knee Rounded head at proximal end where it forms the hip joint with the pelvis provides fair range of movement but more snug fit provides greater stability for weightbearing Held into hip socket by ligaments and tendons Spool-like end at knee where is forms a hinge- like joint with the tibia The patella (kneecap) Rounded anterior surface, v-shaped posterior surface Forms within the tendon of the quadriceps (thigh) muscle o Normally tracks up and down along anterior surface of femur during bending movements of the knee o Side to side movement causes wearing of cartilage underneath, pain (runner’s knee) The Tibia and Fibula are the bones of the leg Anatomically, the region between the knee and ankle is the leg Tibia is bigger, thicker, bears more weight of femur; medial side of leg; the shin bone Fibula is long and thin, not weight bearing but supportive of leg and foot; lateral bone of leg Both bones have distal enlargements (medial malleolus and lateral malleolus) which form the bumps at the ankle The anatomy of the shoulder and hip joints reflect the opposing needs for mobility or stability Shoulder: mobility at the expense of stability Hip: stability first; some mobility returned by offsetting head by long femoral neck The anatomy of the leg and forearm reflect differing weight bearing needs of the limb Forearm: radius and ulna of equal side o Move relative to one another o Mobility at the expense of stability Leg: weight bearing tibia of much greater size than fibula o No significant movement relative to one another o Stability at the expense of mobility The bones of the ankle 7 bones of the ankle are the tarsal bones Differing sizes reflect different weight-bearing loads The bones of the foot Metatarsals: 5 long bones in the food Phalanges (14 total); big toe has two, all other digits have three