Download The Last Dynasty WHAP/Napp Do Now: “The Qing dynasty

The Last Dynasty
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“The Qing dynasty, Manchus from north of the Great Wall, captured the government of
China in 1644 and secured the southeast coast in 1683. They established the ‘Canton
System,’ restricting European traders to the area around Canton (Guangzhou), and
entrusting their supervision and control to a monopoly of Chinese firms called the Cohong.
Because of these restrictions, and because of the vast size of China, European merchants
had little effect on China.
Although most historians have emphasized the role of Europe in enlarging the world
economy through its overseas voyages, some are beginning to see it was the vast internal
markets of China and the wealth of its luxury goods – along with the spices of India and the
Spice Islands – that attracted the Europeans. According to this perspective, the dominate
economic force in the world economy between 1500 and 1776 was not the vigor of
European exploration and trade but the richness of Asian markets that attracted them in
the first place. The ‘pull’ of the Chinese market attracted the ‘push’ of the European
merchants.
The Qing expanded the borders of China, more than doubling the geographical size of the
country. They conquered and controlled Tibet, Xinjiang, Outer Mongolia, and the Tarim
Basin, the heartland of the old silk routes. One of their most important European contacts
was with Russia, and disputes between the two empires were negotiated in the Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689), the first Chinese-European treaty negotiated on terms of equality. The
treaty facilitated trade between China and Russia and delimited their border along the
Amur River, although the border between Mongolia and Siberia was not fixed.
The country’s population began to grow again in the eighteenth century. This was made
possible by the introduction of new crops into China from the New World. Crops from the
Americas helped to improve the health of China’s rural workers and, because the crops
grew well, even in poor and hilly land, they enabled the population to increase rapidly. Yet
some scholars believe that the very size and power of China created a sense of
invulnerability among its leaders that sometimes led the country to ignore threats from
outside until it was too late. The emperor Qianlong (1736-95) wrote a letter to the king of
Britain in 1793 stating that the permanent representation by a European power at the
Chinese court was inconceivable (King George III had dispatched a mission under Lord
George Macartney to open trade and diplomatic negotiations with China.). The emperor’s
letter expressed the emperor’s continuing belief in China’s central position in the world,
and his lack of appreciation and understanding of the changes that were taking place in the
West in the early stages of the industrial revolution.” ~ The World’s History
1- Describe the Canton System.
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2- What was the dominate economic force in the world economy from 1500 to 1776?
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3- Why was the Treaty of Nerchinsk significant? ________________________________
4- Why was the eighteenth century a time of change for China? ___________________
I. The Manchus
A. From Manchuria, north and east of China itself
B. Forced Chinese to wear certain clothing and hair in long braids or queues
C. Established the Qing (or Ch’ing, 1644-1911) Dynasty
D. Also controlled or added to their tributary system Mongolia, Tibet, etc.
E. Foreign trade was closely regulated by state (by 1750s) through port of Canton
F. Along with silk and porcelain, China’s most important commodity was tea
II. Qing Emperors
A. Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722) was a skilled general, lawgiver, and sponsor of culture
B. Kangxi: patronizing Confucianism, emphasis on respect for authority
C. Qianlong (1736-1795), was last dynamic ruler Qing had
D. Strengthened China’s borders, economic growth, promoted scholarship
E. Great Chinese novel: Cao Xueqin’s Dream of the Red Chamber (1791)
III. First Stages of Qing Decline
A. After Qianlong, quality of Qing rulers declined
B. Chinese population grew due to the introduction of new crops from the Americas
C. Government became riddled with corruption and border defenses were expensive
D. A revolt occurred – the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) but failed
IV. The Rise of the West
A. Chinese accepted only a tiny selection of Western goods in trade
B. But West paid China vast amounts of silver bullion for Chinese goods
C. Westerners complained about conditions and requested changes
D. In 1793, British delegation led by Lord Macartney made request, but denied
E. Macartney was compelled to lower himself onto one knee (kowtow)
F. Qianlong’s reply, “Your country has nothing we need.”
V. The Opium Trade
A. British found a clever, if unethical, way to break into Chinese markets: opium
B. A prime source of opium was northeast India, part of Britain’s empire
C. In 1820s and 1830s, British began to flood China with opium
D. Opium became drug of choice and addiction became widespread in China
E. Balance of trade swung suddenly in Britain’s favor
F. Now, silver bullion, instead of flowing into China, was flowing out
VI. Opium Wars
A. In 1839, Chinese navy blockaded Canton and war began
B. First Opium War (1839-1842) was between Britain and China
C. British won easily, then forced humiliating Treaty of Nanking on Chinese
D. China was required to open five more ports, lower tariffs, grant extraterritorial
rights to British in China (British, not Chinese law prevailed in these areas)
E. In addition, China had to surrender Hong Kong to Britain
F. Second Opium War occurred shortly and more treaties were signed
G. Taiping Rebellion: 1850-1864, leader of rebellion – failed civil service exam and
convinced Jesus Christ’s younger brother – but ultimately failed to create
“Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace”
H. Empress Dowager Cixi, who “ruled” China from 1878 to her death in 1908 strongly
opposed modernization
I. Boxer Rebellion: 1900 – anger at foreign influence but also failed
1- Who were the Manchus and how did they change China?
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2- Identify the dates of the Qing Dynasty.
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3- How was foreign trade in China regulated?
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4- How did the Qing increase their tributary system?
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5- What were important Chinese commodities desired by Europeans?
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6- What did Qing rulers culturally promote?
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7- Why were Kangxi and Qianlong significant Qing emperors?
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8- Why did China’s population grow during the Qing dynasty?
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9- Why might population growth create problems for Qing rulers?
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10- Why might some Chinese believe Qing rulers were losing the Mandate of Heaven?
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11- Why did the Chinese accept only a tiny selection of European goods in China?
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12- How were Europeans required to pay for Chinese goods?
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13- What did Lord Macartney request?
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14- What was the emperor’s response to the request?
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15- How did the British finally enter the Chinese market?
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16- Why was this commodity effective in increasing European sales in China?
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17- How did the trading relationship between China and Britain begin to change?
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18- What was the response of Chinese officials to this new trade?
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19- What was the Opium War?
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20- How did the Opium War change China?
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21- Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) and extraterritoriality.
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22- Identify the causes and effects of the Taiping Rebellion.
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23- Identify the causes and effects of the Boxer Rebellion.
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1. Upon what religious-philosophical
tradition did Qing rulers rely to
strengthen their imperial authority
in China?
(A) Confucianism
(B) Daoism
(C) Pure Land Buddhism
(D) Hinduism
(E) Shamanism
2. Who is considered to be the most
successful Qing ruler?
(A) Wu
(B) Yongle
(C) Kangxi
(D) Chung-cheng
(E) Cixi
3. Which of the following is true about
the Qing dynasty?
I. The Qing rulers were ethnically distinct
from most of China’s inhabitants.
II. The Qing came to power in China by
peaceful means.
III. The Qing forced ordinary male
citizens to wear their hair in queues.
IV. The early Qing rulers were militarily
active.
(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) I, III, and IV
(D) II, III, and IV
(E) All of the above
4. Which of the following best
explains the reason the British
turned to trading opium in China?
(A) Firsthand experience supplying
mass opium addiction in the
thirteen colonies proved the
profitability of the trade.
(B) British merchants could find no
other commodity the Chinese
needed.
(C) Successful expansion of the
opium trade in India provided a
model for replication.
(D) Imperialist designs for direct
rule in China would be more
easily attainable over a
population pacified by
narcotics.
(E) British monarchs wanted to
share the benefits of widespread
medical and recreation use of
opium they had experienced in
British society with the Chinese.
5. Which of the following does NOT
belong in a list of nineteenthcentury challenges to the rule of the
Qing dynasty in China?
(A) Floods
(B) Peasant rebellion
(C) Foreign invasion
(D) Corruption in the bureaucracy
(E) Expanding influence of
communism in China
6. Which of the following does NOT
belong in a list of Chinese
movements resentful of foreign
domination?
(A) Boxer
(B) Taiping
(C) Tanzimat
(D) Nationalist
Thesis Practice: Comparative
Analyze similarities and differences in methods in responses to foreigners under the Qing
Dynasty in China and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
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