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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861–1865 CHAPTER SUMMARY South Carolina’s firing on Fort Sumter aroused the efforts and kept Britain as well as France neutral in North for war. Lincoln’s call for troops to suppress the the war. rebellion drove four upper South states into the Lincoln’s political leadership proved effective in Confederacy. Lincoln used an effective combination mobilizing the North for war, despite political of political persuasion and force to keep the deeply opposition and resistance to his infringement on civil divided Border States in the Union. liberties. The North eventually mobilized its larger The Confederacy enjoyed initial advantages of uppertroop resources for war and ultimately turned to an class European support, military leadership, and a unpopular and unfair draft system. defensive position on its own soil. The North enjoyed Northern economic and financial strengths enabled it the advantages of lower-class European support, to gain an advantage over the less-industrialized industrial and population resources, and political South. The changes in society opened new leadership. opportunities for women, who had contributed The British upper classes sympathized with the South significantly to the war effort in both the North and and abetted Confederate naval efforts. But effective South. Since most of the war was waged on Southern diplomacy and Union military success thwarted those soil, the South was left devastated by the war. G L O S S A R Y - To build your social science ocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms. balance of power - The distribution of political or military strength among several nations so that no one of them becomes too strong or dangerous. moral suasion - The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs. without the use of enticements or force. martial law - The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and emergency. ultimatum - A final proposal or demand, as by one nation to another, that if rejected. will likely lead to war. loophole(d) - Characterized by small exceptions or conditions that enable escape from the general rule or principle. squadron - A special unit of warships assigned to a particular naval task. arbitration - The settlement of a dispute by putting the mandatory decision in the hands of a third, neutral party. appropriation - A sum of money or property legally authorized to be spent for a specific purpose. habeas corpus - In law, a judicial order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a specified time and place in order to determine the legality of the imprisonment (literally, "produce the body.") arbitrary - Governed by indeterminate preference or whim rather than by settled principle or law. quota - The proportion or share of a larger number of things that a smaller group is assigned to contribute. greenback - United States paper currency, especially that printed before the establishment of the Federal Reserve System. bond - In finance, an interest-bearing certificate issued by a government or business that guarantees repayment to the purchaser on a specified date at a predetermined rate of i nterest. graft - The corrupt acquisition of funds, through outright theft or embezzling or through questionably legal methods like kickbacks or insider trading. profiteer - One who takes advantage of a shortage of supply to charge excessively high prices a nd thus reap large profits. 1 Explain the decision making process that President Lincoln made regarding what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration? (435) __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________. Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumpter when it was learned that (435-36) A) Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with federal troops. B) Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort. C) the fort's commander was planning to evacuate his troops secretly from the fort. D) Lincoln had called for seventyfive thousand militia troops to form a voluntary Union army. E) southern support for secession was weakening. How did the actions taken by Confederates at Fort Sumpter affect Northerners? (435) _____________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain what Lincoln did in his attempt to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union? (436-37) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. The Border States offered all of the following advantages except (437) A) a large population. B) a good supply of horses and mules. C) valuable manufacturing capacity. D) shipbuilding facilities. E) large navigable rivers. Explain how the Butternut Region may have affected Lincoln’s political declarations at the beginning of the Civil War? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. Explain the military strategy of the Confederacy at the start of the Civil War? __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. What type of military advantages did the South have at the start of the Civil War ? (438) _________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its (439) ________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its (439) _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. 2 What was the major cause of much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War? (438-439) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. Explain the types of hardships faced by soldiers during the Civil War? (441) __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. How would you describe the process that Lincoln took to acquire effective high-level commanders to lead the Union to victory? (443) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________. A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was (443) effective military leadership. intervention from Britain and France. the fighting skill of Southern males. its ability to fight on its own soil. its belief that it was defending its way of life. Why was the South optimistic that the British would come to its aid during the Civil War? (443) ______________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Explain all of the reasons why the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War? (443-444) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain how the United States and Britain were nearly provoked into war during the Civil War? (444-45) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of a) French neutrality. b) the Rush-Bagot agreement. d) the Monroe Doctrine. c) Spanish sovereignty. e) Pan-American treaties. Describe the relationship between the Union and Canada that transpired during the Civil War: (446) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. 3 The Southern cause was weakened by (446) a) the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed. b) a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job. c) the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence. d) a lack of sound military leadership. e) the constant threat of slave rebellion. As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis (446) a) enjoyed real personal popularity despite the South's loss. B) was a poor administrator. C) developed a good relationship with his congress. D) effectively articulated southern ideals. E) defied rather than led public opinion. The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by Jefferson Davis partly because the North (435) a) had a long-established and fully recognized government. B) had strong political support from Britain and France. c) held firm to states' rights principles. D) was united in the cause of abolitionism. E) had fewer internal political divisions. As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because (446) a) of the South's emphasis on states' rights. B) there was such strong agreement on policy in the South. C) he did not believe in strong executive action. D) Lee's insistence on keeping his army out of politics. E) the Confederate Constitution gave him all the power he needed. Explain the ways in which both sides responded to the need for manpower to fight in the Civil War? (448) ______ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________. The Union's establishment of the National Banking System (449) A) led to the issuance of depreciated paper money. B) established the gold standard in the U.S. C) resulted in the reestablishment of the Bank of the United States. D) lasted only during the Civil War. E) was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836. Describe the effects of the Civil War on the Northern economy: (450) ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________. Describe how the lives of women were changed during the Civil War? (450-51) ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________. 4