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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant
Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861–1865
CHAPTER SUMMARY
South Carolina’s firing on Fort Sumter aroused the
efforts and kept Britain as well as France neutral in
North for war. Lincoln’s call for troops to suppress the
the war.
rebellion drove four upper South states into the
Lincoln’s political leadership proved effective in
Confederacy. Lincoln used an effective combination
mobilizing the North for war, despite political
of political persuasion and force to keep the deeply
opposition and resistance to his infringement on civil
divided Border States in the Union.
liberties. The North eventually mobilized its larger
The Confederacy enjoyed initial advantages of uppertroop resources for war and ultimately turned to an
class European support, military leadership, and a
unpopular and unfair draft system.
defensive position on its own soil. The North enjoyed
Northern economic and financial strengths enabled it
the advantages of lower-class European support,
to gain an advantage over the less-industrialized
industrial and population resources, and political
South. The changes in society opened new
leadership.
opportunities for women, who had contributed
The British upper classes sympathized with the South
significantly to the war effort in both the North and
and abetted Confederate naval efforts. But effective
South. Since most of the war was waged on Southern
diplomacy and Union military success thwarted those
soil, the South was left devastated by the war.
G L O S S A R Y - To build your social science ocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms.
balance of power - The distribution of political or military strength among several nations so that no one of
them becomes too strong or dangerous.
moral suasion - The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values
and beliefs. without the use of enticements or force.
martial law - The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and
emergency.
ultimatum - A final proposal or demand, as by one nation to another, that if rejected. will likely lead to
war.
loophole(d) - Characterized by small exceptions or conditions that enable escape from the general rule or
principle.
squadron - A special unit of warships assigned to a particular naval task.
arbitration - The settlement of a dispute by putting the mandatory decision in the hands of a third, neutral
party.
appropriation - A sum of money or property legally authorized to be spent for a specific purpose.
habeas corpus - In law, a judicial order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a specified time
and place in order to determine the legality of the imprisonment (literally, "produce the body.")
arbitrary - Governed by indeterminate preference or whim rather than by settled principle or law.
quota - The proportion or share of a larger number of things that a smaller group is assigned to contribute.
greenback - United States paper currency, especially that printed before the establishment of the Federal
Reserve System.
bond - In finance, an interest-bearing certificate issued by a government or business that guarantees
repayment to the purchaser on a specified date at a predetermined rate of i nterest.
graft - The corrupt acquisition of funds, through outright theft or embezzling or through questionably legal
methods like kickbacks or insider trading.
profiteer - One who takes advantage of a shortage of supply to charge excessively high prices a nd thus reap
large profits.
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Explain the decision making process that President Lincoln made regarding what to do about the situation at Fort
Sumter in the first weeks of his administration? (435)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that (435-36)
A) Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with federal troops. B) Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort. C)
the fort's commander was planning to evacuate his troops secretly from the fort. D) Lincoln had called for seventyfive thousand militia troops to form a voluntary Union army. E) southern support for secession was weakening.
How did the actions taken by Confederates at Fort Sumter affect Northerners? (435) _____________________
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Explain what Lincoln did in his attempt to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union? (436-37)
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The Border States offered all of the following advantages except (437)
A) a large population. B) a good supply of horses and mules. C) valuable manufacturing capacity. D)
shipbuilding facilities. E) large navigable rivers.
Explain how the Butternut Region may have affected Lincoln’s political declarations at the beginning of the Civil
War?
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Explain the military strategy of the Confederacy at the start of the Civil War? __________________________
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What type of military advantages did the South have at the start of the Civil War ? (438) _________________
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The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its (439) ________________________________
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The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its (439) _________________________________________
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Chapter 20 Test Review worksheet (continued)
What was the major cause of much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War? (438-439)
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Explain the types of hardships faced by soldiers during the Civil War? (441) __________________________
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How would you describe the process that Lincoln took to acquire effective high-level commanders to lead the Union
to victory? (443)
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A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was (443)
effective military leadership.
intervention from Britain and France.
the fighting skill of Southern
males.
its ability to fight on its own soil.
its belief that it was defending its way of life.
Why was the South optimistic that the British would come to its aid during the Civil War? (443) ______________
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Explain all of the reasons why the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War?
(443-444)
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Explain how the United States and Britain were nearly provoked into war during the Civil War? (444-45)
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Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of
a) French neutrality.
b) the Rush-Bagot agreement.
d) the Monroe Doctrine.
c) Spanish sovereignty.
e) Pan-American treaties.
Describe the relationship between the Union and Canada that transpired during the Civil War: (446)
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The Southern cause was weakened by (446)
a) the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed.
b) a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job.
c) the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence.
d) a lack of sound military leadership.
e) the constant threat of slave rebellion.
As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis (446)
a) enjoyed real personal popularity despite the South's loss. B) was a poor administrator. C) developed a good
relationship with his congress. D) effectively articulated southern ideals. E) defied rather than led public opinion.
The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by
Jefferson Davis partly because the North (435)
a) had a long-established and fully recognized government. B) had strong political support from Britain and France.
c) held firm to states' rights principles. D) was united in the cause of abolitionism. E) had fewer internal political
divisions.
As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln
because (446)
a) of the South's emphasis on states' rights. B) there was such strong agreement on policy in the South. C) he did
not believe in strong executive action. D) Lee's insistence on keeping his army out of politics. E) the Confederate
Constitution gave him all the power he needed.
Explain the ways in which both sides responded to the need for manpower to fight in the Civil War? (448) ______
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The Union's establishment of the National Banking System (449)
A) led to the issuance of depreciated paper money. B) established the gold standard in the U.S. C) resulted in the
reestablishment of the Bank of the United States. D) lasted only during the Civil War. E) was the first significant
step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
Describe the effects of the Civil War on the Northern economy: (450) ____________________________________
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Describe how the lives of women were changed during the Civil War? (450-51) ___________________________
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