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Chapter 16
The Civil War
Please open your social studies text to
page 510
Fort Sumter
The War Begins
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Furious at Lincoln’s election and fearing federal
invasion, seven southern states had seceded.
– Lincoln tried desperately to save the Union
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Lincoln in his inaugural address promised not to
end slavery where it existed.
He stated that the federal government will not
attack you. You can have no conflict without being
yourselves the aggressors.
Lincoln tried to calm fears of war or secession.
Reality
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The Union was badly broken because of years of
painful compromises.
Battle cry was arising in the South.
Confederate officials began seizing branches of
federal mint, arsenals, and military outposts.
In a last ditch effort to avoid war between the
states, Secretary of State Seward suggested a
united effort of threatening war against Spain and
France for interfering in Mexico and the
Caribbean.
In 1861, at Fort Sumter, a federal outpost in
Charleston South Carolina, was attacked by
Confederate troops, which began the Civil War.
Fort Sumter
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Fort Sumter controlled the entrance of Charleston
Harbor
– Confederates ringed the harbor with heavy guns.
– Confederates demanded that the federal troops
evacuate.
– Major Robert Anderson refused
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Before sunrise on April 12, 1861, Confederate
guns opened fire on Fort Sumter.
A witness wrote that the first shots brought “every
soldier in the harbor to his feet, and every man,
woman, and child in the city of Charleston from
their beds.”
The Civil war had begun.
Lincoln’s reaction
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The Fall of Fort Sumter stunned the North.
Lincoln declared the South to be in a state of
rebellion and asked state governors for 75,000
militiamen to put down the rebellion.
State now had to choose would they stay or
secede?
Senator Stephen Douglas: “There can be no
neutrals in this war only patriots – or traitors.”
Border States
Wedged between the North and the South
were the key border states of Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri – slave
states that did not join the Confederacy.
 People in the border states were deeply
divided on the war.
 Lincoln’s wife Mary Todd, had four
brothers from Kentucky who fought for the
Confederacy.
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Northern v. Southern Resources
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North Advantages
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Population 22 million could draw more soldiers and workers
South had 5.5 million to draw from
North network of roads, railroads, and canals
22,000 miles of railroad lines could move supplies throughout
the North.
– South had only 9,000 miles
To supply the military, production of coal, iron, wheat, and wool
increased.
Also the export of corn, wheat, beef and pork to Europe doubled.
Export of resources in the South decreased because of the Union
blockade.
Union had money, an already established economy, and banking
system.
The South started printing its own Confederate dollars. Some states
Taking advantage
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Winfield Scott developed a two-part
strategy:
– 1.) destroy the South’s economy with a naval
blockade of southern ports;
– 2.) gain control of the Mississippi River to
divide the South.
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Other leaders urged an attack on Richmond,
Virginia, the Confederate capital.
Southern Resources
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Strong military tradition
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Brilliant officers
Strategy
Defend itself until the North grew tired of fighting
Union Army would have to travel and maintain long supply lines
Southerners were familiar with the land
South wanted to wear down the North and capture
Washington D.C.
Confederate president Jefferson Davis also tried to win
foreign allies through cotton diplomacy.
This was the idea that Great Britain would support the
Confederacy because it needed the South’s raw cotton to
supply its booming textile industry
Copy the Graph on page 513
Resources of the North and South
 Please copy the graph into your notes
 Use color
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Volunteer Armies
~ Both the Confederate and Union Armies were
able to build their troops by relying volunteers
known as militias!