Download Reading Outline Chapter 6.2

Name:
Honor Code:
Reading Outline Chapter 6.2
Chapter 6.2: The Roman Empire Brings Change (pgs. 146 – 152)
1. Expansion Creates Problems in the Republic
 The Punic Wars and Rome’s increasing wealth and expanding empire brought many
______________. The most serious was the widening gap between ___________ and
___________.

Rich landowners lived on huge estates called __________________. Many of these estates had
been created by occupying conquered lands and by taking farms left untended by soldiers serving
in the army.

Small farmers found it difficult to compete with the large estates run by _____________
____________. While wealthy Roman became corrupt by money and luxury, discontent arose
among the slaves. _________________ also grew among the poor. Class tensions planted the
seeds of the republic’s collapse.
2. The Republic Collapses
 Two brothers, ________________ and Gaius Gracchus, attempted to help Rome’s poor. The two
brothers were strongly ___________________ by the senators who felt threatened by their ideas.
Both brothers met violent deaths. A period of _______________ __________, or conflict
between groups with in the same country, followed their deaths.

Changes in the character of the army had led to the rise of politically powerful _____________
____________. Generals began recruiting soldiers from the landless poor by promising them
_____________.

These soldiers pledge __________________ to their commander and replaced the citizen-soldier
who pledge allegiance to the republic. Now a commander could take over by ________________.
a) Julius Caesar Takes Control
 In 60 B.C.E., Julius Caesar joined forces with _______________, a wealthy Roman, and
______________, a popular general. With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C.E.
For the next ten years, these men dominated Rome as a ____________________, a group of
three rulers.
 Caesar was a strong leader and a genius at military strategy. He served only __________
_________ as consul. He then appointed himself governor of __________ (now France).
Because he shared fully in the hardships of war, he won his men’s ______________ and
_________________.
 _________________, who had now become his political rival, feared Caesar’s
________________. In 50 B.C.E., the senate, at Pompey’s urgings, ordered Caesar to disband
his legions. Caesar ______________ and civil war broke out. Caesar’s troops defeated
Pompey’s armies in Greece, ________, Spain, and __________. In 46 B.C.E., Caesar
returned to Rome, where he had the support of the army and the masses. The senate appointed
him dictator; he was dictator for life.
b) Caesar’s Reforms
 Caesar governed as an ______________ _____________, one who has total power. He made
sweeping changes. He granted Roman citizenship to many __________________ in the
provinces. He expanded the _________________, adding friends and supporters from Italy
and the provinces
 Caesar helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through construction of new
____________ ______________.
 Many ___________ and _____________ were troubled by Caesar’s growing power and
popularity. Some feared losing their ____________________. A number of important
senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, plotted Caesar’s
______________________. On March 15, 44 B.C.E., they stabbed Caesar to death in the
senate chamber.
c) Beginning of the Empire
 After Caesar’s death civil war broke out again and ____________________ what was left of
the Roman Republic. Three of Caesar’s supporters banded together to crush the assassins.
Caesar’s 18 year-old grandnephew and adopted son __________________ joined with an
experienced general named Mark Antony and a powerful politician named Lepidus.
 In 43 B.C.E., they took control of Rome and ruled for ________ years as the ____________
_____________. The Second Trimvirate ended in _______________ and violence. Octavian
forced Lepidus to retire and then he and Mark Antony became rivals.
 While leading troops against Rome’s enemies in _____________________, Mark Antony
met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. He fell in love with her and went to Egypt. Octavian then
accused Mark Antony of wanting to rule Rome fro Egypt. Another civil war broke out and
Octavian defeated the combined forces of Mark and Cleopatra.
 Octavian claimed he would restore the republic. The senate continued to meet and Octavian
consulted them on some matters. However, Octavian became the ______________________
ruler of Rome. Eventually he accepted the title of _______________________, or “exalted
one.”
3. A Vast and Powerful Empire
 Rome was at the peak of its power from the beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 B.C.E. to 187 C.E.
This peace and prosperity is known as the ________ _________________, Roman peace.
a) An Economy Based on Agriculture and Trade
 ________________________ was the most important industry in the empire. All else
depended on it. About _________ percent of the people were engaged in
_________________. Most Romans survived on the produce from their local area.
Additional _____________________ and luxury items for the rich were obtained through
trade. Having common coinage made trade between different parts f the empire much easier.
 A complex network of roads linked the empire to such far-flung places as ________________
and southern ________________. The most important of the roads were the _________
_____________, named for the overland routs on which silk from China came through Asia to
the Romans.
b) Managing a Huge Empire
 The boarders of the Roman empire measured some ___________________ miles. By the
_________ century C.E., the empire reached from ____________ to _________________,
from North Africa to Britain
How did the army help spread the Roman way of life?
c) A Sound Government
 ___________________ was Rome’s ablest emperor. He stabilized the frontier, glorified
Rome with splendid public buildings, and created a system of government that survived for
______________. He set up a civil service.
What is civil service?
d) The Emperors and Succession
 Rome’s peace and prosperity depended upon the ____________ ___________ of
____________. Because Rome had no written law for selecting a new __________________,
a crisis or a civil war was always a possibility when an emperor died.
 The succession problem was temporarily solved by the leaders known as the ___________
__________ ________________. Each of them adopted as his heir a leader who had the
support of both the army and the people to by the next great emperor.
4. Life in Imperial Rome
a) Men and Women
 At the heart of Roman society was the _______________. By law and custom, the _________
_________, known as the parterfamilias, or “father of the family,” had power to rule the
household. He controlled all property and had authority over all family members. He could
___________ newborn children, ___________ family members, or even __________ them
into slavery.
 Roman ______________, both rich and poor, had become nearly the social _______________
of men. Upper-class women ran the household and were given authority and respect. They
had more personal freedom than the women of _________________ and than most women
would have until the 19th century.
 Roman women could own _______________ and ________________ in court. However,
they couldn’t ____________. Officially they were expected to remain in the background.
 Lower class women could work at such jobs as spinners, weavers, shopkeepers, midwives,
entertainers, and waitresses.
b) Children and Education
 Romans favored _________ children over ____________. Boys would become citizens with
the right to vote and would carry on family traditions.
 Girls were not given their __________ names. Daughters received the _____________
__________ of the father’s name, with “the elder” or “the younger” or a number added.
 Few children went to school. Girls were educated at ____________ and were prepared for
marriage and motherhood. Poor children, whether they lived in the city or on a farm, had to
________________. They did not go to school and generally remained _________________.
c) Slaves and Captivity
 ________________ was a significant part of Roman life. It was widespread and important to
the economy. The Romans made more use of slaves than any previous
____________________.
 According to Roman law, slaves were the property of their __________________. They
could be punished, rewarded, _________ ____________, or put to death as their master saw
fit.
 Some strong, healthy males were forced to become ______________________, or
professional fighters, who fought to the death in public contests.
d) Gods and Goddesses
 The earliest Romans worshipped powerful spirits or divine forces, called _______________,
that they thought resided in __________________ around them. Closely related to these
spirits were the ______________, who were the guardian spirits of each family.
 In Rome, government and religion were _______________. The deities were symbols of the
____________. Romans were expected to honor them not only in _____________
____________ at shrines in their homes but also in public worship ceremonies conducted by
priests in temples.
 Among the most important Roman gods and goddesses were ________________, father of the
gods; Juno, his wife, who supposedly watched over _______________; and Minerva, goddess
of wisdom and of the arts and crafts.
e) “Bread and Circuses” – Food and Entertainment
 Wealth and social status made a huge difference in how people _________________. Classes
had little in common. The rich lived extravagantly. They spent large sums of money on
homes, gardens, slaves, and luxuries.
 To distract and control the masses of Romans, the government provided free games, races,
mock battles, and gladiator contests.