Download Biology EOCT Study Guide MrsFrank – KEY

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Biology EOCT Study Guide
Scientific processes
1. In your own words, write the meaning of the following terms:
a. Hypothesis educated guess; predicted outcome of an experiment
b. Controlled Experiment experiment in which only one variable is changed
c. Independent Variable manipulated variable; changed by experimenter
d. Dependant Variable variable that changes as a result of changes in the independent variable
e. Control experimental set up without changing any variables; used for comparison
f. Qualitative Data descriptive experimental information (words)
g. Quantitative Data experimental information involving numbers
h. Taxonomy science of classification
i. Systema Naturae/Linnaeus book written by Linnaeus establishing binomial nomenclature
j. Inference judgment based on reasoning
k. Conclusion states whether hypothesis is supported or refuted by the data
l. Binomial nomenclature two name naming system; Genus species
Metric measurement
Scientific system of measurement based on factors of 10; conversions by factor of 10.
2. How many meters are in 117 centimeters? _1.17 m____
3. How many grams are in 0.19 kilograms? _190 g_____
Laboratory Skills and Safety
4. In the following scenario, identify the Independent Variable, Dependent
Variable, Control, Quantitative Data, and Qualitative Data. Write a
conclusion based on the data. Experiment – You wish to know whether human
steroid hormones affect the growth of plants. You take two of the same plant species,
plant A and plant B and place them in identical conditions. Plant B receives 10ml of
human steroid hormone a day while Plant A receives none. After 10 weeks, you
measure the growth and find Plant A to have increased in height by 5.4 cm. Plant B
increased in height by 6.3 cm. Plant A has bright green leaves. Plant B has dull yellow leaves with brown spots.
independent: variable human steroids
dependent: variable growth in height
control: Plant A
quantitative data: 5.4 cm; 6.3 cm
qualitative: data bright green leaves; yellow leaves with spots
conclusion: Human steroids affect the growth of plants; plants cannot grow as tall and chlorophyll does not develop
properly.
5. Looking at the picture of the microscope, describe the function of the following parts
a. diaphragm adjusts amount of light
b. objective lens used to magnify image
c. eyepiece look at specimen; magnifies 10-15 x
d. coarse adjustment knob used to move the stage up and down;
focus on low power
Nature of Biology
6. List what each division of Biology studies.
a. Botany study of plants
b. Taxonomy study of classification
c. Ecology study of the environment
d. Microbiology study of microscopic organisms
e. Genetics study of inheritance
f. Zoology study of animals
Basic Chemistry
7. Write the meaning of the following terms in your own words.
a. atom smallest unit of matter
b. element group of atoms with the same number of protons and characteristics
c. matter stuff
d. organic compound compounds that have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds; made by living organisms
e. inorganic compound compounds that do not have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as carbon dioxide
or water
f. acid less than 7 on the pH scale; stomach acid; Coke; lemon juice
g. base greater than 7 on the pH scale; bleach; ammonia
h. pH scale scale measuring concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution; 7 is neutral
i. solute material that is dissolved in a solution
j. solvent substance that dissolves solute
k. isotope atoms of an element that contain different number of neutrons
l. ion charged particle; gained or lost electrons
8. Neon is atom #10. How many electrons, protons and neutrons does Neon have? 10 of each
9. Lemon juice has a pH value of 4. Is this acidic, neutral or basic? acidic (1----acid----7----base---14)
10. Pure water is neutral. Its pH would be ____7____.
11. Ammonia has a pH of 13. Is this acidic, neutral or basic? basic (1----acid----7----base----14)
12. Draw and label a molecule of DNA – which bases are found in DNA? What is the function?
13. Draw and label a molecule of RNA – which bases are found in RNA? What is the function?
14. What are the four classes of organic compounds? carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; nucleic acids
15. Complete the table of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C,H,O
C,H,O
C,H,O,N,S
C,H,O,N,P
Elements
Building blocks
Function
Special
characteristic
Example
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids and glycerol Amino acids
Nucleotides
Energy storage;
structure
H 2x O
Energy storage
Structure; catalysts
Nonpolar
Can be denatured
Contain genetic
information
Found in the nucleus
Sugar; starch
Wax; oil
Muscle; hair
DNA, RNA
16. What does a catalyst do? speeds reaction rates Give an example. amylase: breaks down starch How can enzyme names
be recognized? end in -ase
Cell Organization
cells
tissues
organs
17. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
a. the cell is the basic unit of life
b. cells come from other cells
organ systems
c. all living things are made of cells
organism
18. Fill in the diagram showing the levels of organization from cell to organism.
19. Define the following terms in your own words.
b. organelle small membrane bound structures found in a cell
c. homeostasis maintaining a balance
d. hypertonic solution contains higher concentration of solutes
e. hypotonic solution contains lower concentration of solutes
f. isotonic solution contains same concentration of solutes
g. diffusion movement of molecules from high to low concentration
h. cell wall rigid, non-living boundary of plants, fungi, some bacteria, and some protists
i. fluid mosaic model cell membrane made of phospholipids with proteins floating among them
j. diffusion movement of molecules from high to low concentration
k. osmosis diffusion of water through a membrane
l. facilitated diffusion movement from high to low using a helper molecule
m. active transport movement of molecules that requires energy from the cell
n. endocytosis taking things into the cell
o. exocytosis putting things out of the cell
p. mitosis cell division
20. List the 8 characteristics of all living organisms. growth; reproduction; made of cells; adaptability; response; movement;
organization; homeostasis
21. What are differences between plant cells and animal cells? plants have cell walls, plastids, and large central vacuoles
22. Complete the table about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Structure
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell membrane


Cell wall


Nucleus

Chromosomes


Ribosomes

Examples
bacteria

Animal; plant; fungus; protist
23. Complete the table about the characteristics of plant and animal cells.
Structure
Plant



Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Examples
Animal



Elodea
Cell Transport and Homeostasis
Amoeba
24. What is homeostasis? maintaining an even balance through feedback systems
25. What two processes help maintain homeostasis in living organisms? osmosis; diffusion
26. Describe what is happening in the diagram to the left. molecules in the bottom diffuse to
reach equilibrium
27. Describe what is happening in the
diagram to the right. Why? water
moves to the left trying to reach an
equilibrium. membrane is
impermeable to sugar, so water
level increases on one side
28. Distinguish among the following
terms. Illustrate each situation.
a. hypotonic contains a lower
concentration of solutes
b. hypertonic contains a higher concentration of solutes
c. isotonic contains an equal concentration of solutes
29. What happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? it bursts because water moves into the cell A plant
cell? turgor pressure increases inside cell, stiffening cell wall
Cell Energy
30.Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration.
Statement
It requires oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
Type of Process
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic

It does not require oxygen.
It requires energy input from 2 ATP.
It can produce a net of 36 ATP.
It produces a net of 2 ATP.
It is important in baking and brewing.


It causes the pain of muscle fatigue.








31. Distinguish between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Type of organism
Autotrophs: those with chlorophyll
All cells
Location in cell
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm; mitochondria
Reactants (raw materials)
Carbon dioxide; water
Glucose; oxygen
Products
Glucose; oxygen
Carbon dioxide; water
Steps involved
2
3
CO2 + H2O in the presence of chlorophyll and
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
Equation
32.
sunlight  C6H12O6 + O2
chloroplast. Label the location of the light dependent and light independent reactions.
DNA and Genetics
33. What is the central dogma of biology?
____DNA____
makes
_____RNA___
makes
____proteins
34. What is transcription? making RNA from DNA Where does it occur? nucleus
35. What is translation? making proteins using RNA Where does it occur? cytoplasm
DNA Replication
36. If the DNA sequence is AGTCCT, what would be the newly replicated sequence? TCAGGA
37. What enzyme is responsible for this process? DNA polymerase; helicase
38. Where does this occur? Interphase (S phase)
Transcription
39. If the DNA sequence is AGTCCT, what would be the mRNA sequence transcribed? UCAGGA
40. What enzyme is responsible for this process? RNA polymerase
Label the diagram of a
Translation
41. Take the mRNA sequence from above and write the tRNA anticodon sequence. AGUCCU
42. Which sequence is read to determine the amino acid sequence? mRNA sequence: UCAGGA
43. What may happen if there is a mutation in the DNA code? protein will not be made properly
44. List the stages of mitosis. prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
45. What is the outcome of mitosis? 2 identical daughter cells
46. Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Body cells
Cells of gonads
Body cells
Sex cells
2
1
2
4
Identical
different
47. How many pairs of chromosomes are in human body cells? 23
48. How is gender determined in humans? XX (homologous): female; XY (nonhomologous): male
49. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
DNA
RNA
Occurs in these cells
Produces these cells
Number of chromosome sets
Number of daughter cells
Relation to parent cell
Shape
Double helix
Straight; hairpin loop; globular
Number of strands
Two
One
Nitrogen bases
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Function
Contains information for cell to survive
Directs protein synthesis using DNA instructions.
50. What are the base pairs in DNA? A,T,G,C RNA? A,U,G,C
51. What is a mutation? change in DNA What can cause a mutation? copying error; mutagens
52. Distinguish between chromosomal mutations and gene mutations. Give an example of each. Chromosomal mutations:
entire chromosome is duplicated or lost; piece of chromosome is duplicated or lost. Trisomy 21: three copies of
chromosomes 21 results in Down Syndrome
Gene mutations: change in an individual gene; copying error; point mutation, inversion, translocation, etc.; sickle cell
anemia- change in one base
A
a
53. Albinism is a recessive condition. If two normal parents, genotypes Aa and Aa have a child,
A Aa
Aa
what is the likelihood he or she will have the recessive phenotype? 25% Set up a punnett
a Aa
aa
square to show.
54. What are Gregor Mendel’s Three Laws relating to genetics? Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness; Principle of
Segregation; Principle of independent Assortment
55. Looking above, what is the overall outcome of
Meiosis? four haploid daughter cells; different from
each other and the parent cell
Are the cells produced diploid or haploid? haploid
56. Colorblindness is a
Xc
Xc
recessive sex linked trait (X
C c
chromosome). Set up a
XC Xc
C X X
X
punnett square to show
Carrier
Carrier
daughter
daughter
the likelihood
Xc Y
Xc Y
(percentage) of a
Y Colorblind Colorblind
colorblind female (Xc Xc)
son
son
and a normal male (XC Y) having a colorblind daughter. 0% Colorblind son? 100%
Viruses and Microorganisms
57. Define the following terms in your own words.
a. capsid protein coat of a virus
b. bacillus rod shaped bacteria
c. coccus round shaped bacteria
d. strepto chains
e. staphylo clusters
f. spirillum spiral shaped bacteria
g. binary fission asexual reproduction of
bacteria and some protists; splitting in two
h. cilia hairlike structures used for movement;
Head
Collar CapsidParamecium
i. pseudopods false feet used for movement;
Tail
Amoeba
j. mycelium body of a fungus
58. Draw the structure of a virus.
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
59. Why are viruses not classified as living organisms? do not contain cells
60. How are viruses different from cells? cannot metabolize food or reproduce on their own
61. How do viruses reproduce? infect a host cell, take over its machinery, and produce new viruses
62. How are the lysogenic cycle and lytic cycle different? virsuses in the lytic cycle immediately take over the cell and kill it;
lysogenic viruses insert their genetic material into the host’s DNA; do not become active till external stimulus is supplied
Classification
63. List the levels of organization in the Linnaean classification system in order from broadest to most specific.
64. How do you recognize a scientific name? written in italics/ underlined; Latin; two parts Give an example. Homo sapiens
65. Complete the table of information comparing the six kingdoms.
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Characteristics
Examples
Prokaryotic: no nucleus
Some heterotrophic; autotrophic
Prokaryotic: no nucleus
Chemosynthetic; extreme environments; obligate
anaerobes
Eukaryotic: nucleus; mostly unicellular
animal-like protozoa; plant-like algae; fungus-like slime
molds
Eukaryotic: nucleus; mostly multicellular; decomposers
Cyanobacteria; spirochaetes; Gram positive; Gram
negative
Halophiles; methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Eukaryotic: nucleus; autotrophs; multicellular
Moss; fern; pine; grass; corn
Eukaryotic: nucleus; heterotrophs; multicellular
Sponge; worm; frog; dog
66. What are the three types of Protist? animal-like; plant-like;
fungus-like
67. What trait is used to classify Animal like protists? motilitystructures used for movement
68. What is the basic function of the pigments in the plant like protist
division? photosynthesis
Protozoa: amoeba, paramecium
Algae: red, brown, green, golden-brown; euglena;
volvox
Yeast; mushroom; ringworm
Animal Like Protist
Divisions
Plant Like Protist
Divisions
69. List two positive effects of protists; photosynthetic; scavengers list two negative
effects of protists. cause diseases; parasites
70.Draw a mushroom (kingdom fungi) and label the following –fruiting body,
mycelium,
gills, basidia
71. Using the
chart of Fungi
Fungi Phylum
chart
Phyla, what trait is used to classify fungi? spore
production
Plants and Animals
72. Define the following words.
a. Vascular System vessels that transport materials
b. Xylem plant tissue that transports water
c. Phloem plant tissue that transports food
d. Alternation of Generations reproductive life cycle of a plant
e. seed plant structure containing plant embryo and food supply protected
by a seed coat
f. angiosperm flowering plants; produce fruit covered seeds
g. gymnosperm naked seed plants; conifers
h. Monocot contains one seed leaf; flower parts in multiples of 3s; grasses,
grains
i. Dicot contains two seed leaves; flower parts in multiples of 4s or 5s; maple
tree, roses
j. cotyledons seed leaves; provides nutrition for plant embryo before it can
photosynthesize
k. pollination arrival of pollen on female organ of a plant
l. germination plant embryo becomes active and seed begins to sprout
m. vertebrate organism with a backbone
n. invertebrate organism without a backbone
o. coelom body cavity
p. bilateral symmetry organism can be divided in only one way to get equal halves
q. radial symmetry organism can be divided in many ways to get equal halves
73. What are the basic characteristics of a plant? multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs
74. What is the difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm? angiosperms: flowering plants; covered seeds;
produce fruits
gymnosperms: naked seeds; reproduce using cones
75. Draw and label the reproduction structures of a flower – stamen, pistil, ovary, carpal, pollen
76. What are the basic characteristics of an animal (kingdom animalia)?
Invertebrates
Division
Porifera
Sponges
Cnidaria
Jellyfish, Sea
Anemones
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Nematoda
Round worms
Mollusks
Snails, clams,
nautilus
Arthropods
Insects, crustaceans
Reproduction
Diet
Asexual- budding; sexualseparate sexes; external
fertilization
Asexual- budding; sexualseparate sexes; external
fertilization
Asexual- regeneration;
sexual- hermaphrodites;
internal fertilization
Filter feeders
Coelom
y/n
No
Filter feeders
Sexual- separate sexes;
internal fertilization
Sexual- separate sexes;
external fertilization in
bivalves
Sexual- separate sexes;
internal fertilization
Vertebrates/Chordates
Symmetry
Respiration
Organs?
Defining traits?
Simplest animal; no specialized
tissues
Radial or
none
Diffusion
No
radial
Diffusion
Two tissue layers; tentacles;
gastrovascular cavity
Scavengerdead
organisms;
parasites
Parasites;
decomposers
Plants;
animals
No
bilateral
Diffusion
Pseudocoe
lom
Yes
bilateral
Diffusion
Three tissue layers;
gastrovascular cavity in freeliving; highly specialized
reproductive cycle in parasites
Two openings in digestive tract
bilateral
Gills; mantle
Complete digestive tract;
kidneys; mantle; radula
Plants;
animals
yes
bilateral
Gills; tracheae
Jointed exoskeleton; many
appendages
Phylum
Fish
Reproduction
External fertilization and
development
Amphibians External fertilization and
development
Internal fertilization;
Reptiles
external development;
amniote egg
Internal fertilization;
Birds
external development;
amniote egg
Mammals Internal fertilization and
development
Ecology
Diet
Plants; fish;
plankton
Plants; fish; insects
Plants; birds; small
mammals
Plants; insects;
small mammals;
reptiles
Plants; fish; birds
Warm/Cold
Blooded
Respiration
Organs/
Defining traits
Cold
(ectothermic)
Cold
(ectothermic)
Cold
(ectothermic)
Gills
Warm
(endothermic)
Lungs;
Feathers; 4 chambered
hollow bones heart
Warm
(endothermic)
Lungs
Gills; lungs
Lungs
Scales; fins; 2 chambered
heart
Moist skin; 3 chambered
heart
Scales; 3 chambered
heart; amniote egg
Hair covered bodies;
mammary glands; 4
chambered heart
77. What factors affect population size? birthrate; death rate; emmigration; environmental factors (food supply) What effect
do they have on population size? increases in birthrate, food supply, etc. cause an increase in populations; increases in
death rate, illness, etc. cause decrease in population
78. Draw a graph to show population changes. Describe your population and name the factors responsible for the changes.
it’s on the board
79. Distinguish between the following pairs:
a. heterotroph: depends on others for food
autotroph: producer; makes its own food
b. producer: organism that makes its own food; photosynthetic
decomposer: breaks down dead organisms; releases nutrients to be recycled
c. consumer: eats other organisms
producer: makes its own food
d. carnivore: meat eater
omnivore: eats plants and animals
e. herbivore: eats plants
detritivore: eats dead things
f. food web: interconnected food chains
food chain: who eats whom
g. food pyramid: illustrates number of organisms in each trophic level (p. 89)
trophic level: number of steps an organism is from the sun
h. primary succession: gradual sequential replacement of organisms in an ecosystem after a community has been
disturbed
secondary succession: gradual sequential replacement of organisms in an ecosystem that begins with bare rock
i. climax community: stable community of organisms an ecosystem can support
pioneer species: first organisms that move into an area
80.Create a food web showing at least three interconnected food chains with four links each. (p. 87)
81. Describe how the following elements are cycled through ecosystems.
a. carbon: used in all organic compounds; carbon dioxide from the atmosphere taken in during photosynthesis;
released by cellular respiration, burning fuels, etc.
b. nitrogen used in DNA, RNA, proteins; bacteria put nitrogen from atmosphere into soil to be taken up by plants
c. oxygen: used in all organic compounds; taken in by cellular respiration; released by photosynthesis
d. phosphorus used in DNA and RNA; released by decomposers to be reused
82. What two processes play a major role in those cycles? photosynthesis and cellular respiration How? carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen are cycled during these two processes
83. How has human activity in the following areas impacted ecosystems?
a. global warming and the ozone layer excess carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels; it
becomes trapped and earth’s temperature increases; ozone layer protects us from harmful UV radiation- CFCs
destroy ozone, allowing more UV to get in
b. pesticides and biological magnification toxins increase as they move up the food chain, causing more problems for
those in upper trophic levels
c. water consumption increased populations increase water usage and pollution
d. energy consumption increased populations increase energy consumption and deplete nonrenewable resources (i.e.
fossil fuels)
84. What is a tropism? response of plants to external stimuli
a. thigmotropism response to touch
b. phototropism response to light
c. gravitropism response to gravity
85. What adaptations do plants have to help them survive in different environments?
a. desert water-storing stems; narrow leaves with few stomata
b. water stomata on upper surface of leaves
c. snow needle-like leaves to conserve water; pyramid shape to let snow fall off
86. What behaviors do animals have that help them survive their environments? hibernation: inactivity during cold winter;
estivation: inactivity during hot summer; sunning; shade; hair standing up: response to fear or cold
Evolution
87. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? a hypothesis is an educated guess; theory is a hypothesis that
has been tested repeatedly
88. What is biodiversity? how life differs
89. What is evolution? change over time
90. Describe the contributions to evolutionary thought of the following men.
a. Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics
b. Malthus: populations tend to outgrow their resources
c. Hutton: geologic processes work gradually and constantly
d. Lyell: geologic processes work gradually and constantly
e. Wallace: developed theory of natural selection at the same time as Darwin
91.
List the three parts to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
a. overproduction: more offspring are produced than can survive
b. variation: the offspring are different
c. selection: those that are best suited to the environment will survive
d. adaptation: traits that improve chances for survival will be more common
In a population of mice, there are two phenotypes, brown (BB, Bb) and grey (bb). Their habitat once was a snowy tundra,
but now the snow is melting to brown dirt.
92. In the example, pick out which adaptation is most fit for the new environment. brown (camouflage)
93. What will occur to each allele frequency in the population? B will increase; b will decrease
94. What will the future populations look like? brown
95. What did Darwin call this? natural selection
96. What is natural selection? those best suited to the environment will survive to reproduce
97. Describe evidences used to support macroevolution.
a. fossil record evidence of organisms that once lived- populations have changed
b. biogeography similar organisms are found in similar environments in different places
c. biochemical closely related organisms have similar protein structures