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Name ________Key____________________ Biology EOCT Study Guide Scientific processes 1. In your own words, write the meaning of the following terms: a. Hypothesis educated guess; predicted outcome of an experiment b. Controlled Experiment experiment in which only one variable is changed c. Independent Variable manipulated variable; changed by experimenter d. Dependant Variable variable that changes as a result of changes in the independent variable e. Control experimental set up without changing any variables; used for comparison f. Qualitative Data descriptive experimental information (words) g. Quantitative Data experimental information involving numbers h. Taxonomy science of classification i. Systema Naturae/Linnaeus book written by Linnaeus establishing binomial nomenclature j. Inference judgment based on reasoning k. Conclusion states whether hypothesis is supported or refuted by the data l. Binomial nomenclature two name naming system; Genus species Metric measurement Scientific system of measurement based on factors of 10; conversions by factor of 10. 2. How many meters are in 117 centimeters? _1.17 m____ 3. How many grams are in 0.19 kilograms? _190 g_____ Laboratory Skills and Safety 4. In the following scenario, identify the Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Control, Quantitative Data, and Qualitative Data. Write a conclusion based on the data. Experiment – You wish to know whether human steroid hormones affect the growth of plants. You take two of the same plant species, plant A and plant B and place them in identical conditions. Plant B receives 10ml of human steroid hormone a day while Plant A receives none. After 10 weeks, you measure the growth and find Plant A to have increased in height by 5.4 cm. Plant B increased in height by 6.3 cm. Plant A has bright green leaves. Plant B has dull yellow leaves with brown spots. independent: variable human steroids dependent: variable growth in height control: Plant A quantitative data: 5.4 cm; 6.3 cm qualitative: data bright green leaves; yellow leaves with spots conclusion: Human steroids affect the growth of plants; plants cannot grow as tall and chlorophyll does not develop properly. 5. Looking at the picture of the microscope, describe the function of the following parts a. diaphragm adjusts amount of light b. objective lens used to magnify image c. eyepiece look at specimen; magnifies 10-15 x d. coarse adjustment knob used to move the stage up and down; focus on low power Nature of Biology 6. List what each division of Biology studies. a. Botany study of plants b. Taxonomy study of classification c. Ecology study of the environment d. Microbiology study of microscopic organisms e. Genetics study of inheritance f. Zoology study of animals Basic Chemistry 7. Write the meaning of the following terms in your own words. a. atom smallest unit of matter b. element group of atoms with the same number of protons and characteristics c. matter stuff d. organic compound compounds that have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds; made by living organisms e. inorganic compound compounds that do not have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as carbon dioxide or water f. acid less than 7 on the pH scale; stomach acid; Coke; lemon juice g. base greater than 7 on the pH scale; bleach; ammonia h. pH scale scale measuring concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution; 7 is neutral i. solute material that is dissolved in a solution j. solvent substance that dissolves solute k. isotope atoms of an element that contain different number of neutrons l. ion charged particle; gained or lost electrons 8. Neon is atom #10. How many electrons, protons and neutrons does Neon have? 10 of each 9. Lemon juice has a pH value of 4. Is this acidic, neutral or basic? acidic (1----acid----7----base---14) 10. Pure water is neutral. Its pH would be ____7____. 11. Ammonia has a pH of 13. Is this acidic, neutral or basic? basic (1----acid----7----base----14) 12. Draw and label a molecule of DNA – which bases are found in DNA? What is the function? 13. Draw and label a molecule of RNA – which bases are found in RNA? What is the function? 14. What are the four classes of organic compounds? carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; nucleic acids 15. Complete the table of macromolecules. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids C,H,O C,H,O C,H,O,N,S C,H,O,N,P Elements Building blocks Function Special characteristic Example Monosaccharides Fatty acids and glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides Energy storage; structure H 2x O Energy storage Structure; catalysts Nonpolar Can be denatured Contain genetic information Found in the nucleus Sugar; starch Wax; oil Muscle; hair DNA, RNA 16. What does a catalyst do? speeds reaction rates Give an example. amylase: breaks down starch How can enzyme names be recognized? end in -ase Cell Organization cells tissues organs 17. What are the three parts of the cell theory? a. the cell is the basic unit of life b. cells come from other cells organ systems c. all living things are made of cells organism 18. Fill in the diagram showing the levels of organization from cell to organism. 19. Define the following terms in your own words. b. organelle small membrane bound structures found in a cell c. homeostasis maintaining a balance d. hypertonic solution contains higher concentration of solutes e. hypotonic solution contains lower concentration of solutes f. isotonic solution contains same concentration of solutes g. diffusion movement of molecules from high to low concentration h. cell wall rigid, non-living boundary of plants, fungi, some bacteria, and some protists i. fluid mosaic model cell membrane made of phospholipids with proteins floating among them j. diffusion movement of molecules from high to low concentration k. osmosis diffusion of water through a membrane l. facilitated diffusion movement from high to low using a helper molecule m. active transport movement of molecules that requires energy from the cell n. endocytosis taking things into the cell o. exocytosis putting things out of the cell p. mitosis cell division 20. List the 8 characteristics of all living organisms. growth; reproduction; made of cells; adaptability; response; movement; organization; homeostasis 21. What are differences between plant cells and animal cells? plants have cell walls, plastids, and large central vacuoles 22. Complete the table about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Structure Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell membrane Cell wall Nucleus Chromosomes Ribosomes Examples bacteria Animal; plant; fungus; protist 23. Complete the table about the characteristics of plant and animal cells. Structure Plant Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplasts Lysosome Vacuoles Examples Animal Elodea Cell Transport and Homeostasis Amoeba 24. What is homeostasis? maintaining an even balance through feedback systems 25. What two processes help maintain homeostasis in living organisms? osmosis; diffusion 26. Describe what is happening in the diagram to the left. molecules in the bottom diffuse to reach equilibrium 27. Describe what is happening in the diagram to the right. Why? water moves to the left trying to reach an equilibrium. membrane is impermeable to sugar, so water level increases on one side 28. Distinguish among the following terms. Illustrate each situation. a. hypotonic contains a lower concentration of solutes b. hypertonic contains a higher concentration of solutes c. isotonic contains an equal concentration of solutes 29. What happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? it bursts because water moves into the cell A plant cell? turgor pressure increases inside cell, stiffening cell wall Cell Energy 30.Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Statement It requires oxygen. Aerobic Respiration Type of Process Fermentation Lactic Acid Alcoholic It does not require oxygen. It requires energy input from 2 ATP. It can produce a net of 36 ATP. It produces a net of 2 ATP. It is important in baking and brewing. It causes the pain of muscle fatigue. 31. Distinguish between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Type of organism Autotrophs: those with chlorophyll All cells Location in cell Chloroplast Cytoplasm; mitochondria Reactants (raw materials) Carbon dioxide; water Glucose; oxygen Products Glucose; oxygen Carbon dioxide; water Steps involved 2 3 CO2 + H2O in the presence of chlorophyll and C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP Equation 32. sunlight C6H12O6 + O2 chloroplast. Label the location of the light dependent and light independent reactions. DNA and Genetics 33. What is the central dogma of biology? ____DNA____ makes _____RNA___ makes ____proteins 34. What is transcription? making RNA from DNA Where does it occur? nucleus 35. What is translation? making proteins using RNA Where does it occur? cytoplasm DNA Replication 36. If the DNA sequence is AGTCCT, what would be the newly replicated sequence? TCAGGA 37. What enzyme is responsible for this process? DNA polymerase; helicase 38. Where does this occur? Interphase (S phase) Transcription 39. If the DNA sequence is AGTCCT, what would be the mRNA sequence transcribed? UCAGGA 40. What enzyme is responsible for this process? RNA polymerase Label the diagram of a Translation 41. Take the mRNA sequence from above and write the tRNA anticodon sequence. AGUCCU 42. Which sequence is read to determine the amino acid sequence? mRNA sequence: UCAGGA 43. What may happen if there is a mutation in the DNA code? protein will not be made properly 44. List the stages of mitosis. prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase 45. What is the outcome of mitosis? 2 identical daughter cells 46. Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis Meiosis Body cells Cells of gonads Body cells Sex cells 2 1 2 4 Identical different 47. How many pairs of chromosomes are in human body cells? 23 48. How is gender determined in humans? XX (homologous): female; XY (nonhomologous): male 49. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. DNA RNA Occurs in these cells Produces these cells Number of chromosome sets Number of daughter cells Relation to parent cell Shape Double helix Straight; hairpin loop; globular Number of strands Two One Nitrogen bases Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Function Contains information for cell to survive Directs protein synthesis using DNA instructions. 50. What are the base pairs in DNA? A,T,G,C RNA? A,U,G,C 51. What is a mutation? change in DNA What can cause a mutation? copying error; mutagens 52. Distinguish between chromosomal mutations and gene mutations. Give an example of each. Chromosomal mutations: entire chromosome is duplicated or lost; piece of chromosome is duplicated or lost. Trisomy 21: three copies of chromosomes 21 results in Down Syndrome Gene mutations: change in an individual gene; copying error; point mutation, inversion, translocation, etc.; sickle cell anemia- change in one base A a 53. Albinism is a recessive condition. If two normal parents, genotypes Aa and Aa have a child, A Aa Aa what is the likelihood he or she will have the recessive phenotype? 25% Set up a punnett a Aa aa square to show. 54. What are Gregor Mendel’s Three Laws relating to genetics? Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness; Principle of Segregation; Principle of independent Assortment 55. Looking above, what is the overall outcome of Meiosis? four haploid daughter cells; different from each other and the parent cell Are the cells produced diploid or haploid? haploid 56. Colorblindness is a Xc Xc recessive sex linked trait (X C c chromosome). Set up a XC Xc C X X X punnett square to show Carrier Carrier daughter daughter the likelihood Xc Y Xc Y (percentage) of a Y Colorblind Colorblind colorblind female (Xc Xc) son son and a normal male (XC Y) having a colorblind daughter. 0% Colorblind son? 100% Viruses and Microorganisms 57. Define the following terms in your own words. a. capsid protein coat of a virus b. bacillus rod shaped bacteria c. coccus round shaped bacteria d. strepto chains e. staphylo clusters f. spirillum spiral shaped bacteria g. binary fission asexual reproduction of bacteria and some protists; splitting in two h. cilia hairlike structures used for movement; Head Collar CapsidParamecium i. pseudopods false feet used for movement; Tail Amoeba j. mycelium body of a fungus 58. Draw the structure of a virus. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain 59. Why are viruses not classified as living organisms? do not contain cells 60. How are viruses different from cells? cannot metabolize food or reproduce on their own 61. How do viruses reproduce? infect a host cell, take over its machinery, and produce new viruses 62. How are the lysogenic cycle and lytic cycle different? virsuses in the lytic cycle immediately take over the cell and kill it; lysogenic viruses insert their genetic material into the host’s DNA; do not become active till external stimulus is supplied Classification 63. List the levels of organization in the Linnaean classification system in order from broadest to most specific. 64. How do you recognize a scientific name? written in italics/ underlined; Latin; two parts Give an example. Homo sapiens 65. Complete the table of information comparing the six kingdoms. Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Characteristics Examples Prokaryotic: no nucleus Some heterotrophic; autotrophic Prokaryotic: no nucleus Chemosynthetic; extreme environments; obligate anaerobes Eukaryotic: nucleus; mostly unicellular animal-like protozoa; plant-like algae; fungus-like slime molds Eukaryotic: nucleus; mostly multicellular; decomposers Cyanobacteria; spirochaetes; Gram positive; Gram negative Halophiles; methanogens Thermoacidophiles Eukaryotic: nucleus; autotrophs; multicellular Moss; fern; pine; grass; corn Eukaryotic: nucleus; heterotrophs; multicellular Sponge; worm; frog; dog 66. What are the three types of Protist? animal-like; plant-like; fungus-like 67. What trait is used to classify Animal like protists? motilitystructures used for movement 68. What is the basic function of the pigments in the plant like protist division? photosynthesis Protozoa: amoeba, paramecium Algae: red, brown, green, golden-brown; euglena; volvox Yeast; mushroom; ringworm Animal Like Protist Divisions Plant Like Protist Divisions 69. List two positive effects of protists; photosynthetic; scavengers list two negative effects of protists. cause diseases; parasites 70.Draw a mushroom (kingdom fungi) and label the following –fruiting body, mycelium, gills, basidia 71. Using the chart of Fungi Fungi Phylum chart Phyla, what trait is used to classify fungi? spore production Plants and Animals 72. Define the following words. a. Vascular System vessels that transport materials b. Xylem plant tissue that transports water c. Phloem plant tissue that transports food d. Alternation of Generations reproductive life cycle of a plant e. seed plant structure containing plant embryo and food supply protected by a seed coat f. angiosperm flowering plants; produce fruit covered seeds g. gymnosperm naked seed plants; conifers h. Monocot contains one seed leaf; flower parts in multiples of 3s; grasses, grains i. Dicot contains two seed leaves; flower parts in multiples of 4s or 5s; maple tree, roses j. cotyledons seed leaves; provides nutrition for plant embryo before it can photosynthesize k. pollination arrival of pollen on female organ of a plant l. germination plant embryo becomes active and seed begins to sprout m. vertebrate organism with a backbone n. invertebrate organism without a backbone o. coelom body cavity p. bilateral symmetry organism can be divided in only one way to get equal halves q. radial symmetry organism can be divided in many ways to get equal halves 73. What are the basic characteristics of a plant? multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs 74. What is the difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm? angiosperms: flowering plants; covered seeds; produce fruits gymnosperms: naked seeds; reproduce using cones 75. Draw and label the reproduction structures of a flower – stamen, pistil, ovary, carpal, pollen 76. What are the basic characteristics of an animal (kingdom animalia)? Invertebrates Division Porifera Sponges Cnidaria Jellyfish, Sea Anemones Platyhelminthes Flatworms Nematoda Round worms Mollusks Snails, clams, nautilus Arthropods Insects, crustaceans Reproduction Diet Asexual- budding; sexualseparate sexes; external fertilization Asexual- budding; sexualseparate sexes; external fertilization Asexual- regeneration; sexual- hermaphrodites; internal fertilization Filter feeders Coelom y/n No Filter feeders Sexual- separate sexes; internal fertilization Sexual- separate sexes; external fertilization in bivalves Sexual- separate sexes; internal fertilization Vertebrates/Chordates Symmetry Respiration Organs? Defining traits? Simplest animal; no specialized tissues Radial or none Diffusion No radial Diffusion Two tissue layers; tentacles; gastrovascular cavity Scavengerdead organisms; parasites Parasites; decomposers Plants; animals No bilateral Diffusion Pseudocoe lom Yes bilateral Diffusion Three tissue layers; gastrovascular cavity in freeliving; highly specialized reproductive cycle in parasites Two openings in digestive tract bilateral Gills; mantle Complete digestive tract; kidneys; mantle; radula Plants; animals yes bilateral Gills; tracheae Jointed exoskeleton; many appendages Phylum Fish Reproduction External fertilization and development Amphibians External fertilization and development Internal fertilization; Reptiles external development; amniote egg Internal fertilization; Birds external development; amniote egg Mammals Internal fertilization and development Ecology Diet Plants; fish; plankton Plants; fish; insects Plants; birds; small mammals Plants; insects; small mammals; reptiles Plants; fish; birds Warm/Cold Blooded Respiration Organs/ Defining traits Cold (ectothermic) Cold (ectothermic) Cold (ectothermic) Gills Warm (endothermic) Lungs; Feathers; 4 chambered hollow bones heart Warm (endothermic) Lungs Gills; lungs Lungs Scales; fins; 2 chambered heart Moist skin; 3 chambered heart Scales; 3 chambered heart; amniote egg Hair covered bodies; mammary glands; 4 chambered heart 77. What factors affect population size? birthrate; death rate; emmigration; environmental factors (food supply) What effect do they have on population size? increases in birthrate, food supply, etc. cause an increase in populations; increases in death rate, illness, etc. cause decrease in population 78. Draw a graph to show population changes. Describe your population and name the factors responsible for the changes. it’s on the board 79. Distinguish between the following pairs: a. heterotroph: depends on others for food autotroph: producer; makes its own food b. producer: organism that makes its own food; photosynthetic decomposer: breaks down dead organisms; releases nutrients to be recycled c. consumer: eats other organisms producer: makes its own food d. carnivore: meat eater omnivore: eats plants and animals e. herbivore: eats plants detritivore: eats dead things f. food web: interconnected food chains food chain: who eats whom g. food pyramid: illustrates number of organisms in each trophic level (p. 89) trophic level: number of steps an organism is from the sun h. primary succession: gradual sequential replacement of organisms in an ecosystem after a community has been disturbed secondary succession: gradual sequential replacement of organisms in an ecosystem that begins with bare rock i. climax community: stable community of organisms an ecosystem can support pioneer species: first organisms that move into an area 80.Create a food web showing at least three interconnected food chains with four links each. (p. 87) 81. Describe how the following elements are cycled through ecosystems. a. carbon: used in all organic compounds; carbon dioxide from the atmosphere taken in during photosynthesis; released by cellular respiration, burning fuels, etc. b. nitrogen used in DNA, RNA, proteins; bacteria put nitrogen from atmosphere into soil to be taken up by plants c. oxygen: used in all organic compounds; taken in by cellular respiration; released by photosynthesis d. phosphorus used in DNA and RNA; released by decomposers to be reused 82. What two processes play a major role in those cycles? photosynthesis and cellular respiration How? carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are cycled during these two processes 83. How has human activity in the following areas impacted ecosystems? a. global warming and the ozone layer excess carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels; it becomes trapped and earth’s temperature increases; ozone layer protects us from harmful UV radiation- CFCs destroy ozone, allowing more UV to get in b. pesticides and biological magnification toxins increase as they move up the food chain, causing more problems for those in upper trophic levels c. water consumption increased populations increase water usage and pollution d. energy consumption increased populations increase energy consumption and deplete nonrenewable resources (i.e. fossil fuels) 84. What is a tropism? response of plants to external stimuli a. thigmotropism response to touch b. phototropism response to light c. gravitropism response to gravity 85. What adaptations do plants have to help them survive in different environments? a. desert water-storing stems; narrow leaves with few stomata b. water stomata on upper surface of leaves c. snow needle-like leaves to conserve water; pyramid shape to let snow fall off 86. What behaviors do animals have that help them survive their environments? hibernation: inactivity during cold winter; estivation: inactivity during hot summer; sunning; shade; hair standing up: response to fear or cold Evolution 87. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? a hypothesis is an educated guess; theory is a hypothesis that has been tested repeatedly 88. What is biodiversity? how life differs 89. What is evolution? change over time 90. Describe the contributions to evolutionary thought of the following men. a. Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics b. Malthus: populations tend to outgrow their resources c. Hutton: geologic processes work gradually and constantly d. Lyell: geologic processes work gradually and constantly e. Wallace: developed theory of natural selection at the same time as Darwin 91. List the three parts to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection a. overproduction: more offspring are produced than can survive b. variation: the offspring are different c. selection: those that are best suited to the environment will survive d. adaptation: traits that improve chances for survival will be more common In a population of mice, there are two phenotypes, brown (BB, Bb) and grey (bb). Their habitat once was a snowy tundra, but now the snow is melting to brown dirt. 92. In the example, pick out which adaptation is most fit for the new environment. brown (camouflage) 93. What will occur to each allele frequency in the population? B will increase; b will decrease 94. What will the future populations look like? brown 95. What did Darwin call this? natural selection 96. What is natural selection? those best suited to the environment will survive to reproduce 97. Describe evidences used to support macroevolution. a. fossil record evidence of organisms that once lived- populations have changed b. biogeography similar organisms are found in similar environments in different places c. biochemical closely related organisms have similar protein structures