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1 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology-- Study Guide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Molecules of Life pH Enzymes Cell Structure & Function Homeostasis & Cell Transport Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5 Concepts 3.1, 3.2 Concepts 2.3 Concepts 2.2, 3.2 Concepts 4.1-4.4 Concepts 5.1-5.2 Key Terms 1. Enzyme 2. Protein 3. Catalyze 4. Equilibrium 5. pH 6. Macromolecule 7. Polysaccharide 8. Nucleic Acid 9. Lipids 10.Synthesized 11.Precusors 12.Prokaryote 13.Eukaryote 14.Phospholipid 15.Ribosomes 16.Endoplasmic reticulum 17.Golgi apparatus (complex) 18.Cytoskeleton 19.Cell Wall 20.Vesicle 21.Active transport 22.Selectively (semi) permeable 23.Hypertonic 24.Hypotonic 25.Isotonic 26.Passive transport 27.Diffusion 28.Osmosis 29.Plasmolysis 30.Facilitated diffusion 31.Exocytosis 32.Endocytosis 33.Phagocytosis 34.Pinocytosis 1 2 Recommended Work For Chapters 2, 3, 4, & 5: Chapter 2 Section 2 #3, 4, 7 Section 3 #5, 6 Chapter Review # 12, 13 Chapter 3 Section 1 #5, 6, 7 Section 2 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Chapter Review #8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23 Chapter 4 Section 2 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Section 3 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Section 4 #1, 2, 5 Chapter Review #11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Chapter 5 Section 1 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Section 2 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Chapter Review #5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 2 3 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Life’s little compartments: Types of cells and how they work After the last unit, this one may be a little refreshing, since almost all you need to know about this unit can be summarized in a few tables and figures. This unit is about cells Define cell:______________________________________________________________ and parts of cells, and its builds upon the information presented in the last unit. While studying this unit, note that in cells, different types of reaction and products are produced in a compartmentalized world. One way the living world stays compartmentalized is with membranes. Define:_______ ________________________________________________________________________ Cells and cell organelles Define organelle:____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ are surrounded by a membrane, a selectively permeable Define:___________________ ________________________________________________________________________ barrier that segregates cell contents from the outside world. In this unit you’ll learn the basic components of the cell. In the laboratory exercise, you’ll learn how the membrane allows transport of certain materials between compartments. Cells and cell organelles come in many different sizes to form simple or complex organisms. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes There are two main types of cells—prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Compare and contrast these two types of cells. Compare: Contrast: 3 4 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Structure and Function of the Cell The plasma membrane separates internal metabolic events from the external environment and controls the movement of materials into and out of cell. The plasma membrane is a double phospholipid membrane (lipid bilayer) with the polar hydrophilic heads forming the two outer faces and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails pointing toward the inside of the membrane. Draw and label the plasma membrane with the following parts: polysaccharide chain, phospholipid bilayer, channel protein, cholesterol, transport protein, hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, and recognition. Describe the roles of the following proteins in membranes: 1. Peripheral protein 2. Integral protein 3. Transmembrane protein Describe why the plasma membrane is described as a Fluid Mosaic Model. 4 5 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Describe the following features of the plasma membrane: 1. Phospholipid membrane 2. Proteins a. Channel proteins b. Transport proteins ] c. Recognition proteins d. Receptor proteins 3. Cholesterol 5 6 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Organelles are bodies within the cytoplasm that serve to physically separate the various metabolic reactions that occur within the cell. Complete the following chart and the worksheet at the end of the packet. Know how the label a diagram of an animal cell and plant cell. Know the function of each organelle. Prokaryotes Eukar yotes Plant cells Animal cells ------------------- ------------------- Size Structure Cytoplasm ------------------- Properties Nucleus Plasma membrane Cell wall Chromosome Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Vacuoles or Vesicles Mitochondria 6 7 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Movement of Substances Various terms are used to describe the movement of substances between cells and into and out of a cell. Describe the following terms that involve membranes that are selectively permeable. 1. Passive transport 2. Simple diffusion 3. Osmosis 4. Hypertonic 5. Hypotonic 6. Isotonic 7. Plasmolysis 8. Facilitated diffusion 9. Active transport 7 8 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet 10. Exocytosis 11. Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) 12. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Complete the following table: TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE Type of Transport Requires Concentration Gradient Energy? Gradient (Yes or No) (Down, Up, or N/A) Passive (Diffusion) Osmosis (Diffusion of H2O) Facilitated Diffusion (via carrier protein) Active Transport (ATP mediated) Exocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Endocytosis 8 9 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Essay #1 Compare and contrast the cellular characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 9 10 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Essay #2 Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and the various ways in which the plasma membrane permits interactions with the outside environment. 10 11 Biology Unit 3—Cell Biology—Packet Essay #3 Fertilizers help plant growth by supplying important nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous to plants. These nutrients are found in fertilizers in the form of ionic salts such as ammonium sulfate { (NH4)2SO4 } and phosphoric acid { H3PO4 }. Growers have to be careful to follow a careful regimen of irrigation after applying fertilizer to ensure that plants are not damaged by a high concentration of solutes in the soil. (a) Explain why high concentrations of fertilizer in the soil might harm plants due to water movement into or out of root cells. Include a discussion of water potential in your answer. (b) Design a simple diffusion experiment that would allow a farmer to know the approximate concentration of fertilizer to apply without damaging a crop. (c) Some plants thrive in ecosystems with incredibly high solute concentrations, such as brine lakes or alkaline deserts. Describe some plants adaptations to severe solute concentrations that allow them to survive in their environment. 11