Download Unit 2 pH Biomolecules Macromolecules

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Unit 2- pH & Biomolecules/Macromolecules
I. pH scale

In your own words, what is
an acid? Give an example:
Many solutes readily dissolve in water because of water’s polarity.
A. Acids1. a substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when
dissolved in water
2. The more (H+) hydrogen ions a substance releases, the
more acidic the solution is
B.
Bases1. A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when
dissolved
2. The more (OH-) hydroxide ions a substance release, the
more basic the solution is
In your own words, what is a
base? Give an example:
On the pH scale, label water
(H2O), Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in
their general areas on the scale.
Also indicate where neutral, acidic
and basic are.
C. pH and Buffers
The majority of biological processes carried out by cells occur
between pH 6.5 - 7.5.
1. pH
a. the measure of concentrations of H+ ions in a
solution
b. pure water is neutral and has a value of 7
c. acidic has an abundance of H+ and pH values lower
than 7
d. basic has an abundance of OH- and pH values of
higher than 7
2. Buffers
a. Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep
the pH within a particular range
b. To maintain homeostasis it is important to control
H+ levels.
Acids have more ______ ions
Bases have more ______
ions
What do buffers do?
If you have a pH of 4 and
you add NaHCO3 what will
happen?
Color the following diagrams according to the key.
Why is the water molecule so
important to organisms?
What ions form when water
dissociates (separate or split
into smaller particles)?
What is produced by the body
to help neutralize acidic
conditions?
What is the name for the OHions? (Hint- Look in your
notes)
What is the name for the
H+ ion? (Hint- Look in your
notes)
How does the hydronium ion
form? What is its formula?
What two substances form
from an acid-base
neutralization?
Acids have an excess of
____________ ions.
The Building Blocks of LIFE (pp. 166-169) Organic Chemistry
I. Importance of Carbon- Although a cell is composed of 70-95% water most of the rest is
carbon-based compounds.
A. Structure of Carbon
1. Atom # 6: 6 protons & 6 electrons; 2 in first shell & 4 in second
2. has 4 valance electrons- so can make four covalent bonds
3. can also form bonds w/other carbon atoms
4. compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called organic

II.
B. Macromoleculesare large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together
1. Polymers
a. these are large molecules made up of similar or identical
building blocks
2. Monomers
a. are the building blocks or sub units of polymers
3. Biomolecules are Classes of macromolecules
a. carbohydrates
c. proteins
b. lipids
d. nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Elements: C, H, O, always a 2:1 ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O)
Monomer: monosaccharide
Function: immediate and stored energy; building material
Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of plants & fungus
Food source: sugar & starches
Examples:
1. Monosaccharides: (one sugar)
a. glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most organism;
including humans
b. galactose- one component of milk
c. fructose- found in some fruits
2. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bonded together
a. sucrose- table sugar: glucose + fructose
b. lactose- milk sugar: glucose + galactose
3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded together; two groups
a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down
for needed energy
 Glycogen- Storage of glucose in animals Stored in liver &
muscles
 Starch-Storage of glucose in plants. Humans can break
down to glucose for energy
b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials
 Cellulose - component of plant cell walls human unable to
break down important source of fiber in our diet
 Chitin - Component of fungal cell walls. Component of
insect and other arthropod exoskeletal
What are the 4 main elements
that make up living organisms?
What does Carbon usually bond
with?
How many covalent bonds can
carbon make?
Compounds are called organic
when they have
___________________________
Macro =
Poly =
Mono =
Bio =
What are the 4 “Life” Molecules
(biomolecules or
macromolecules)
Fill in the Formula:
C10H___O___
C___H15O___
C___H___O8
How are you able to do this?
EXPLAIN:
Mono=
Di=
Poly=
saccharide=
draw a structural diagram of
a Carb:
What is the preferred energy
molecule for most organisms?
Sugar is Stored as _________
in animals
Sugar is Stored as _________
In plants
Structure:
Cellulose makes up cell walls
of _________________
Chitin makes up cell walls of
_______________ and
exoskeletons of ___________
III.
Lipids: (waxy, fatty or oily compounds)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb.
Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids
Function: energy storage; insulation; cushioning
Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding
some organs
E. Food Source: butter, shortening, olive oil, ect.
F. Examples:
1. Fats & Oils
a. all have 3 fatty acid tails
b. fats solid at room temperature
c. oils liquid at room temperature
d. saturated fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds
e. unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds
f. saturated fats linked to heart disease
2. Phospholipids
a. found in every living cell membrane
3. Steroids
a. used for hormone production
b. used for animal cell structure
c. Ex. Cholesterol
IV.
Proteins
A. Elements: C, H, O, N
B. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino acids combine in different
numbers, patterns, & arrangement
C. Function: support, structure, protection, movement, metabolism
D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes
E. Food Source: meats, peanuts, eggs
F. Examples:
1. Enzymes
a. biological catalysts that trigger chemical reactions
b. lower the activation energy of a reaction
c. could not maintain homeostasis without them
d. Only affective in a narrow temperature and pH range
V.
Is there a ratio for lipids?
How can you tell the difference
between a Carb & a Lipid?
Draw a structural diagram of a
Lipid:
Draw and label a diagram of a
phospholipid:
Where do you find cholesterol in the
animal cell?
What is the cholesterol used for?
What element do Proteins have that
Carbs or Lipids don’t have?
Draw a structural diagram of a
Protein:
Draw the lock & Key diagram of an
enzyme. Identify the enzyme, active
site, substrate & product
Nucleic Acids
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Monomer: nucleotide
Function: genetic instructions & usable energy
Where found in body: nucleus of cells
Food Source: none
Examples:
1. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
a. contains the genetic instructions for the cell
2. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
a. carries out the instructions in DNA
3. ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
a. provides useable energy for the cell
What element do Nucleic Acids have
that Carbs, Lipids & Proteins don’t
have?
Draw DNA:
Draw ATP:
C-Green H= Blue O=Pink
Color Code
Use the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are in a
single molecule
#C __________
# H __________
What is this macromolecule?
What is the monomer of this
molecule?
# O __________
H
O
H
C
What is the ration of CHO?
H
Give 2 examples of
monosaccharaides
C
H
O
H
H
C
O
Give an example of a
disaccharide.
C
O
H
H
A long chain of sugars are
called _________________
O
H
H
C
C
O
H
Color Code:
How is sugar stored in
animals?
H
C-Green H= Blue O=Pink
How is sugar stored in
plants?
N= Yellow
What is this macromolecule?
How can you tell?
H
H
N
H
C
R group
O
C
H
What is the monomer of this
macromolecule?
C-Green H= Blue O=Pink
How many: _________ C ________H
What are these
Macromolecules?
_______O
How do you know?
Glycerol:
What is the monomer?
These have more _______
& _______ then oxygen
atoms.
Saturated fatty Acid
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
If there is a single bond
between the carbons then it
is said to be ___________
O
C
O
H
Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Double Bond
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Nucleotide: Color and label the part of the nucleotideSugar (5-sided)- green
Phosphate group (round)- yellow
Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue
If there is a double bond
between the carbons then it
is said to be ____________
O
C
O
H
What are these
macromolecules?
What elements are found in
them?
ATP: Color and label the ATP
Sugar (5-sided)- green
Phosphate group (round)- yellow
Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue
What is the monomer of
this macromolecule?
Nucleotides make up
__________
ATP is ______________
Biomolecule Super-Review
Fill in the appropriate letter from each picture or, if prompted, word: (3 pts per blank)
1. Which letters represent an enzyme? ___________ and ___________
2. Which letters represent the substrate? ____________ the products? ___________
3. Enzymes are made from (write the name of the biomolecule): ________________
4. This molecule (_____________) is the subunit of this molecule ( ________) that stores information.
5. When a polysaccharide is hydrolyzed, it looks like this: ________. These store energy (circle one): short-term / longterm.
6. This molecule (_______) is hydrophobic and stores energy (circle one): short-term / long-term.
Word bank for the graphic organizer on the back:
20
DNA and RNA
Membranes
Amino Acids
Enzymes
Monomers
Monosaccharides
Base
Fats and oils
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Nucleotides
Cell wall
Glycerol
Phosphate
CHO
Information
Polymers
CHON
Lipids
Polypeptides
CHONP
Long-term
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Short-term
Sugar (x2)
Triglycerides
In the order of the
And 3
Made of 3 parts
called
Made up of
called
Including
A common
Example is
With repeating
subunits called
Which
function to
store or
carry
Made up of
Found in
the form of
elements
Energy Storage
Found in
the form
of
Used
for
Made of the
elements
3 Functions:
Biomolecules
Found in
the form
of
Made of the
elements
elements
Found in the
form of
Structure
Found in the form of
called
Some that we
can’t digest
make up the
Made up of
With repeating
subunits called
Polymers
Used
for
Whose order in the polymer
determine the order of
Also used to make
Commonly
Called the
Monomer
s
Transporters
called
Made up of
called
called
Of Plants
Of which
there are
Also commonly
known as
kinds
(They sure are sweet)