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Name: ______________________________________________ Unit 2- pH & Biomolecules/Macromolecules I. pH scale In your own words, what is an acid? Give an example: Many solutes readily dissolve in water because of water’s polarity. A. Acids1. a substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water 2. The more (H+) hydrogen ions a substance releases, the more acidic the solution is B. Bases1. A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved 2. The more (OH-) hydroxide ions a substance release, the more basic the solution is In your own words, what is a base? Give an example: On the pH scale, label water (H2O), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in their general areas on the scale. Also indicate where neutral, acidic and basic are. C. pH and Buffers The majority of biological processes carried out by cells occur between pH 6.5 - 7.5. 1. pH a. the measure of concentrations of H+ ions in a solution b. pure water is neutral and has a value of 7 c. acidic has an abundance of H+ and pH values lower than 7 d. basic has an abundance of OH- and pH values of higher than 7 2. Buffers a. Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range b. To maintain homeostasis it is important to control H+ levels. Acids have more ______ ions Bases have more ______ ions What do buffers do? If you have a pH of 4 and you add NaHCO3 what will happen? Color the following diagrams according to the key. Why is the water molecule so important to organisms? What ions form when water dissociates (separate or split into smaller particles)? What is produced by the body to help neutralize acidic conditions? What is the name for the OHions? (Hint- Look in your notes) What is the name for the H+ ion? (Hint- Look in your notes) How does the hydronium ion form? What is its formula? What two substances form from an acid-base neutralization? Acids have an excess of ____________ ions. The Building Blocks of LIFE (pp. 166-169) Organic Chemistry I. Importance of Carbon- Although a cell is composed of 70-95% water most of the rest is carbon-based compounds. A. Structure of Carbon 1. Atom # 6: 6 protons & 6 electrons; 2 in first shell & 4 in second 2. has 4 valance electrons- so can make four covalent bonds 3. can also form bonds w/other carbon atoms 4. compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called organic II. B. Macromoleculesare large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together 1. Polymers a. these are large molecules made up of similar or identical building blocks 2. Monomers a. are the building blocks or sub units of polymers 3. Biomolecules are Classes of macromolecules a. carbohydrates c. proteins b. lipids d. nucleic acids Carbohydrates A. B. C. D. E. F. Elements: C, H, O, always a 2:1 ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O) Monomer: monosaccharide Function: immediate and stored energy; building material Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of plants & fungus Food source: sugar & starches Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (one sugar) a. glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most organism; including humans b. galactose- one component of milk c. fructose- found in some fruits 2. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bonded together a. sucrose- table sugar: glucose + fructose b. lactose- milk sugar: glucose + galactose 3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded together; two groups a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed energy Glycogen- Storage of glucose in animals Stored in liver & muscles Starch-Storage of glucose in plants. Humans can break down to glucose for energy b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials Cellulose - component of plant cell walls human unable to break down important source of fiber in our diet Chitin - Component of fungal cell walls. Component of insect and other arthropod exoskeletal What are the 4 main elements that make up living organisms? What does Carbon usually bond with? How many covalent bonds can carbon make? Compounds are called organic when they have ___________________________ Macro = Poly = Mono = Bio = What are the 4 “Life” Molecules (biomolecules or macromolecules) Fill in the Formula: C10H___O___ C___H15O___ C___H___O8 How are you able to do this? EXPLAIN: Mono= Di= Poly= saccharide= draw a structural diagram of a Carb: What is the preferred energy molecule for most organisms? Sugar is Stored as _________ in animals Sugar is Stored as _________ In plants Structure: Cellulose makes up cell walls of _________________ Chitin makes up cell walls of _______________ and exoskeletons of ___________ III. Lipids: (waxy, fatty or oily compounds) A. B. C. D. Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids Function: energy storage; insulation; cushioning Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs E. Food Source: butter, shortening, olive oil, ect. F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils a. all have 3 fatty acid tails b. fats solid at room temperature c. oils liquid at room temperature d. saturated fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds e. unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds f. saturated fats linked to heart disease 2. Phospholipids a. found in every living cell membrane 3. Steroids a. used for hormone production b. used for animal cell structure c. Ex. Cholesterol IV. Proteins A. Elements: C, H, O, N B. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino acids combine in different numbers, patterns, & arrangement C. Function: support, structure, protection, movement, metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes E. Food Source: meats, peanuts, eggs F. Examples: 1. Enzymes a. biological catalysts that trigger chemical reactions b. lower the activation energy of a reaction c. could not maintain homeostasis without them d. Only affective in a narrow temperature and pH range V. Is there a ratio for lipids? How can you tell the difference between a Carb & a Lipid? Draw a structural diagram of a Lipid: Draw and label a diagram of a phospholipid: Where do you find cholesterol in the animal cell? What is the cholesterol used for? What element do Proteins have that Carbs or Lipids don’t have? Draw a structural diagram of a Protein: Draw the lock & Key diagram of an enzyme. Identify the enzyme, active site, substrate & product Nucleic Acids A. B. C. D. E. F. Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomer: nucleotide Function: genetic instructions & usable energy Where found in body: nucleus of cells Food Source: none Examples: 1. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid a. contains the genetic instructions for the cell 2. RNA- Ribonucleic acid a. carries out the instructions in DNA 3. ATP- Adenosine triphosphate a. provides useable energy for the cell What element do Nucleic Acids have that Carbs, Lipids & Proteins don’t have? Draw DNA: Draw ATP: C-Green H= Blue O=Pink Color Code Use the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are in a single molecule #C __________ # H __________ What is this macromolecule? What is the monomer of this molecule? # O __________ H O H C What is the ration of CHO? H Give 2 examples of monosaccharaides C H O H H C O Give an example of a disaccharide. C O H H A long chain of sugars are called _________________ O H H C C O H Color Code: How is sugar stored in animals? H C-Green H= Blue O=Pink How is sugar stored in plants? N= Yellow What is this macromolecule? How can you tell? H H N H C R group O C H What is the monomer of this macromolecule? C-Green H= Blue O=Pink How many: _________ C ________H What are these Macromolecules? _______O How do you know? Glycerol: What is the monomer? These have more _______ & _______ then oxygen atoms. Saturated fatty Acid H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H If there is a single bond between the carbons then it is said to be ___________ O C O H Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Double Bond H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H Nucleotide: Color and label the part of the nucleotideSugar (5-sided)- green Phosphate group (round)- yellow Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue If there is a double bond between the carbons then it is said to be ____________ O C O H What are these macromolecules? What elements are found in them? ATP: Color and label the ATP Sugar (5-sided)- green Phosphate group (round)- yellow Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue What is the monomer of this macromolecule? Nucleotides make up __________ ATP is ______________ Biomolecule Super-Review Fill in the appropriate letter from each picture or, if prompted, word: (3 pts per blank) 1. Which letters represent an enzyme? ___________ and ___________ 2. Which letters represent the substrate? ____________ the products? ___________ 3. Enzymes are made from (write the name of the biomolecule): ________________ 4. This molecule (_____________) is the subunit of this molecule ( ________) that stores information. 5. When a polysaccharide is hydrolyzed, it looks like this: ________. These store energy (circle one): short-term / longterm. 6. This molecule (_______) is hydrophobic and stores energy (circle one): short-term / long-term. Word bank for the graphic organizer on the back: 20 DNA and RNA Membranes Amino Acids Enzymes Monomers Monosaccharides Base Fats and oils Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Fatty acids Nucleotides Cell wall Glycerol Phosphate CHO Information Polymers CHON Lipids Polypeptides CHONP Long-term Polysaccharides Proteins Short-term Sugar (x2) Triglycerides In the order of the And 3 Made of 3 parts called Made up of called Including A common Example is With repeating subunits called Which function to store or carry Made up of Found in the form of elements Energy Storage Found in the form of Used for Made of the elements 3 Functions: Biomolecules Found in the form of Made of the elements elements Found in the form of Structure Found in the form of called Some that we can’t digest make up the Made up of With repeating subunits called Polymers Used for Whose order in the polymer determine the order of Also used to make Commonly Called the Monomer s Transporters called Made up of called called Of Plants Of which there are Also commonly known as kinds (They sure are sweet)