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AP Biology
Unit 8 – Molecular Genetics – Review Sheet
Chapters 16-17, a tiny bit of 19, and parts of 20
Test Format____________________________________________________________
As usual, a multiple-choice section and an open response question.
Vocabulary____________________________________________________________
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
 transformation
 thymine
 bacteriophage
 guanine
 Griffith’s expt (S cells,
 cytosine
R cells)
 purine
 Avery, McCarty,
 pyrimidine
McLeod expt
 Watson & Crick
 Hershey/Chase expt.
 double helix
 DNA
 base pair
 RNA
 hydrogen bonding
 protein
 semi-conservative
 adenine
DNA replication
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
 transcription
 translation
 amino acid
 codon
 anticodon
 mRNA
 pre-mRNA
 mature mRNA
 RNA processing
 intron
 exon
 5’ cap and 3’ tail
 ribosome
 tRNA
 template strand of
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DNA
RNA polymerase
promoter
terminator
A site
P site
peptide bond
aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase
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Meselson/Stahl expt
helicase
DNA polymerase
nucleotide
nitrogenous bases
deoxyribose
phosphate group
leading strand
lagging strand
Okazaki fragment
DNA ligase
mutation
point mutation
substitution mutation
silent mutation
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
insertion/deletion
mutation
 frameshift mutation
 mutagen
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Chapter 19: Eukaryotic Genetics (*You are only responsible for a small bit of material from this
chapter, at this point)
 chromosome
 histones
Chapter 20: DNA Technology and Genomics
 restriction enzymes
 PCR
 restriction site
 gel electrophoresis
(recognition site)
 restriction fragment
 restriction fragments
length polymorphisms
 sticky end
(RFLPS)
 plasmid
 DNA fingerprinting
 DNA sequencing
 DNA ligase
Concepts_________________________________________________________
 Diagram, describe, and explain the significance of the structure of DNA
 Explain experiments that demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material
 Explain the semi-conservative replication of DNA, and describe the experiment that showed
this
 Explain the steps of DNA replication, including the difference between leading and lagging
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strands
Describe the steps of transcription and post-transcription modification
Describe the steps of translation
Compare and contrast transcription and translation
Compare the process of gene expression (transcription and translation) in prokaryotes vs.
eukaryotes.
Compare and contrast the organization of genes in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.
Describe the different types of point mutations and explain their effects.
Identify the uses of restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, PCR, and DNA sequencing
Describe the steps and explain the purpose of restriction enzyme analysis of DNA strands,
using gel electrophoresis.
Interpret the results of gel electrophoresis
Analyze a restriction map of a plasmid
The Big Idea:
DNA
RNA
Protein
Trait/Phenotype
Essay questions:
One of these two essay questions will be on the test. A great way to study would be to outline
answers for each of them. The reason I’m giving them to you ahead of time is because they may
require looking at the material we’ve studied in a slightly new way, and I want to give you time to
do that.
1. Scientists seeking to determine which molecule is responsible for the transmission of
characteristics from one generation to the next knew that the molecule must
(1) copy itself precisely;
(2) be stable but able to be changed;
(3) be complex enough to determine the organism’s phenotype.
(A)
(B)
Explain how DNA meets each of the three criteria stated above.
Select one of the criteria stated above and describe experimental evidence used to
determine that DNA is the hereditary material.
2. Protein synthesis is vital for cell growth and reproduction.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Describe transcription and translation.
Identify similarities between transcription and translation.
Identify differences between transcription and translation.
Describe structural changes that can occur to a protein after translation to make it
function properly.