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Lecture Notes for Ancient Greece Chapter 5 PART 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION GPS’s for Unit 2: Greece & Rome SSWH3 examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. A. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. B. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. C. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. D. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. E. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. First, where is Ancient Greece? Intro video: The History of the Ancient Greeks (9:47) Stop at 5:00 PAY ATTENTION! Follow along with your notes and fill in the blanks as we discuss the Ancient Greeks: The ________________ GEOGRAPHY of Greece lends to its later development as a naval power. It is a mountainous region that only had 20% of its land available to farming. The climate is temperate which cultivates and outside living atmosphere. The Indo-Europeans settled this area were at first called ___________________________. These are the first Greeks. MYCENAEANS Their fortified city, Mycenae, was located on top of a rocky ACROPOLIS ridge. It is here where the _________________ was located and later the great architectural marvel, the PARTHENON _________________________. The Mycenaean’s borrowed MINOANS much of their culture from the _________________________, who occupied an island in the middle of the MEDITERRANEAN ________ What is a Greek Polis? •The POLIS (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek city-state. The word politics comes from this Greek word. •In the ancient world, the polis was a nucleus, the central urban area that could also have controlled the surrounding countryside. (The word polis could also refer to the city's body of citizens.) This surrounding countryside (chora or ge) could also be considered part of the polis. The Dorian Age begins when the Mycenaean civilization collapses because of raiders. Another group of people move in - the Dorians. They are not advanced and don’t WRITTEN WORKS leave behind any ______________________________. So, the Doric Age is equated to a _____________________. The only thing we really know DARK AGE HOMER about this age is from the writings of _______________. He wrote _____________; the ______________ and the EPICS ILLIAD ODYSSEY ___________________. Both are about the TROJAN WAR ______________________________. (LONG STORY POEMS) City-States were each ruled differently usually by KINGS aristocracy (___________) WEALTHY monarchy (______), or GROUP oligarchy (________________) and sometimes by ________________________. But two city-states DICTATORS that became the best because they were ruled differently were ____________________ & ATHENS __________________. But, still it was basically the SPARTA RICH ________________ who ruled. The economic deviation was so great between the rich and poor; and this is what fostered the democratic process in Athens. PART 2 GOVERNMENT STYLES Athens: Considered one of the greatest cultures in history, the city itself was located on the mainland of Greece. They are credited with creating the govt DEMOCRACY style of ______________________. Only free, adult males could vote and had rights; women had NO rights. Athens is also well known for their love art and architecture. Athenian Society Structure Sparta: Known for their fierceness in battle and over Simplistic lifestyle this city states was located on the PELOPONNESUS __________________ and partly because of this they developed a _______________________________. MILITARISTIC WAY OF LIFE Two kings ruled the city, but a 28-member 'council of elders' limited their powers. These men were recruited from the highest social class. Society structure was strictly structured into three groups but life centered on military training. Boys began their training at the age of ______. 7 Spartan Women had more rights than Women in other citystates. They could be athletic and run the estate – but could not VOTE __________. Spartan Society Structure How Spartans are trained. PART 3 The Wars The Trojan War Troy is located in ________________. ANATOLIA Paris, a Trojan, steals Helen away from Greece. The Greeks had to retaliate; this is where we get the story of the ____________________. TROJAN HORSE As a gift a giant wooden horse was built and Greek soldiers hide inside until it was pulled inside the walls of the city. Then, after dark – Attack! WIN the war. It was a The Greeks ______ legend until 1988. 2:15 CLIP So you can visualize Persian War: Greece VS Persia – Persia invades a Greek settlement in Anatolia. The Persian King, Xerxes, invades Greece with _______ 80,000 men. He lands at ______________________. This is the famous Battle of THERMOPLYAE 300 Spartans who defend the mountain pass so the Persians cannot get into Greece. 10,000 Greek hoplite soldiers face him – he ________ war. LOSES the battle, but ___________the WINS HOLLYWOOD’S VERSION HISTORY’S VERSION So you can visualize Another Legend out of the Persian Wars… But, Athens has no soldiers left to protect the city! When MARATHON ______________ PHIDIPPIDES is the Persians land at ____________, chosen to go to Sparta to ask for military help. Phidippides runs back to Athens (140mi) to let them know their answer (no). So then the Athenians fought the Persians at Marathon, including Phidippides, and win. So then, he runs back to Athens after their victory (in full battle gear), its 26 __ miles, to tell the people to not give up. He delivers the message and falls down and dies from exhaustion. How does this relate to us today? MODERN DAY MARATHONS ARE 26 MILES RUN TO SPARTA (140) RUN TO ATHENS (26.2) After the Persian War Athens enters the ________________________ and _______________________ is appointed leader. He had 3 goals for Athens: 1) ______________________: by introducing a direct democracy 2) ______________________: enlarge wealth, power & safety through strength of the navy and 3) _______________________: make Athens one of the most beautiful cities in the world. He builds the Parthenon and dedicates it to the goddess Athena. GOLDEN AGE PERICLES BETTER ATHENS STRENGTHEN BEAUTIFY The Peloponnesian War ATHENS is __________________ vs ___________________; begins in SPARTA 431BCE. _____________________ has the strongest sea power ATHENS and _____________________ has the strongest land military. SPARTA Eventually, ______________ begins to win and Pericles brings all SPARTA his people inside the walls of Athens. This spells disaster in the way of ______________. __________________ surrenders in DISEASE ATHENS 404BCE and is no longer a power. PART 4 Alexander the Great & The Philosophers The Peloponnesian War results in a weakened Greece. _________________ of Macedon invades Greece. Philip’s son is PHILIP II ____________________. Philip decides to take Persia next (to ALEXANDER avenge the Persian invasion of Greece 100+ yrs ago). But, he is murdered at his daughters wedding. So, Alexander proclaims himself king and pursues his father’s plans. (He becomes Alexander the Great) He becomes a great leader who is feared for his cruelty to those who rebel against him. He invades ______________ and defeats them. (Refer to map on page 144) PERSIA Then, he off goes to __________ EGYPT where he’s declared pharaoh and founds a new city at the mouth of the ____________, called NILE ALEXANDRIA ___________________. Alexander goes east to Asia and makes it to the edge of _______________and fights a battle that INDIA includes 200 elephants. He _________. Alexander and his men have been fighting for _______ 11 years and have marched more than _________ 11,000 miles. They are ready to go home. They get to _______________ BABYLON where one year later Alexander dies at age 32. His empire is divided between his generals. CULTUREIt was called As Alexander traveled he inadvertently created a new ___________. the: HELLENISTIC CULTURE This is a blend of ____________________, _______________________, GREEK PERSIAN EGYPTIAN _______________________ and ___________________________ influences. The INDIAN city of ________________________ in Africa became THE place to be. Significant ALEXANDRIA contributions from the city were in astronomy, math, physics and art. Yep, Watch this – its not bad (11:02) The Philosophers: Socrates, Plato & Aristotle Philosophy is THE STUDY OF IDEAS ABOUT KNOWLEDGE , TRUTH, THE NATURE AND MEANING OF LIFE There are 3 philosophers you need to know a little about. Socrates He is the main source of Western Thought. His most well known student was PLATO __________________, who is the one who wrote what we know about him. He is most well known for his _____________________. SOCRATIC METHOD When he started questioning how Athens was being run, he was charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and put on trial. He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. He could have chosen exile, but did not. “Strong minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events, weak minds discuss people.” PLATO is also a philosopher who was a SOCRATES and the student of __________ ARISTOTLE teacher of ___________. His writings JUSTICE ________ would explore _______, BEAUTY EQUALITY and ___________among many other ACADEMY things. He founded the __________ in Athens which is one of the first institutions of higher learning in the western world. “Rhythm and Harmony find their way into the inward places of the soul” ARISTOTLE was a friend of Plato and ACADEMY student of the ___________. He was also the teacher of ____________________. ALEXANDER THE GREAT He would found his own school LYCEUM called the _________where the focus was on the subjects of science, math, philosophy, art and politics. “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom” The Academy