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7th Grade Review for Benchmark on Wed Jan. 11th Cells Know the function of each cell organelle especially nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and vacuole Cell Theory -All living things are made of cells (including plants) -The mitochondria makes the energy for all cells (both animal and plants) -Cell membrane is a boundary that separates things on the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. It is found in all cells. The Integumentary system (our skin) carries out the same function in humans Organic Chemistry Large starch molecules get broken down into smaller sugar molecules in a chemical reactions during digestion. Starch molecules are broken. Levels of organization Cell (basic unit of life) Tissue (a group of same cells) Organs (a bunch of tissue that carries out a specific function) Organ systems (Organs that work together to carry out a specific function) Organism (made up of many organ systems working together) Food Chains Food chains show how energy is transferred and how nutrients are cycled through a specific community. Arrows on a food chain and food web show the direction of that energy transfer. Most often these arrows will flow upwards as energy passes from producers to consumers. In an Energy Pyramid the producers are at the bottom and the top level predators (tertiary consumers) are at the top. The energy pyramid illustrates the flow of energy in an ecosystem. You MUST have enough energy at the producer level in order so that the consumers at the top have enough food/energy to survive. Predator: an animal that eats other animals Prey: an animal that is hunted by a predator If one organism dies out or becomes diseased then the entire ecosystem could be affected. It will have a domino effect. Body Systems Know the basic function of the following body systems: circulatory, respiratory, integumentary, nervous, endocrine, excretory, digestive, skeletal and muscular systems. Review the MAIN organs of each system listed above. ****See my teacher web page for a concept map of these systems**** All body systems work together to make the organism function within an environment. The endocrine system in an organism is the system responsible for producing chemicals in the body such as insulin, sex hormones and adrenaline. Animal Adaptations Over time, as an environment changes, organisms must change certain traits in order to survive. These changes are called adaptations. Adaptations may take several generations to ensure that only the best suited and most successful traits get passed down through generations. An example of some of these includes the anglerfish using a “light” on it’s head to light his way in deep ocean water OR a hummingbird’s long, slender beak that can get nectar from flowers. Plant Adaptations Plants must adapt too. They will bend their leaves toward light and away from gravity to get the sunlight it needs for photosynthesis. The roots will grow towards the pull of gravity in search of water. These responses are called tropisms.