Download Cell - SJSEighthGradePortfolio1027

Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Cell
The basic units of structure and function in living things.
They form parts of organisms and carry out processes or
functions.
Cell Theory
States that all living things are composed of cells, cells are
the basic units of structure and function of living things.
A single cell.
Unicellular
Multi-cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organelle
Cell Wall
Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
Many cells- cells are often organized into tissues, organs,
then organ systems.
Group of similar cells that work together to perform a
certain function.
Group of organs that work together to perform a major
function.
Group of organs that work together to perform a major
function.
Carries out specific functions of the cell.
Helps protect and support the cell. Animal cells do not
have a cell while plant cells do.
A protein “framework” inside a cell that gives the cell a
shape.
The outside boundary that separates the cell from its
environment. It controls what substances go in and out of
the cell.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Lysome
Element
The cell’s control center. It directs all of the cells activities.
It is large oval and purple.
In the cytoplasm there are many organelles like
mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes, golgi
bodies, and chloroplasts.
The power houses of the cell. They convert food into
energy.
This carries materials throughout the cell.
These float in the cytoplasm. They make proteins. They
have grainlike bodies.
These look like flattened sacs and tubes. They release
materials out of the cell. They receive new materials from
the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Captures energy from sunlight to produce food, makes
leaves green, and these are only in plant cells.
Large water filled sac floating in the cytoplasm. It is the
storage area for cells.
Small round structures that contain chemicals that break
down large food particles into smaller ones.
Any kind of substance that cannot be broken into simpler
substances.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Compound
When two or mare compounds combine chemically.
Carbohydrate
An energy rich organic compound made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Protein
A large organic molecule mostly made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases sulfur.
Make up proteins. There are only 20 common amino acids.
They can combine to form 1000s of different proteins.
Amino acid
Enzyme
Lipid
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Selectively
Permeable
Diffusion
Osmosis
Perform important functions in chemical reactions that take
place in cells.
An energy rich organic compound made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
Long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They contain the
instruction cells need to perform the functions of life.
One of the nucleic acids. The genetic material that carries
information about an organism and is passed from parent
to offspring.
Ribonucleic acid. It is found in the cytoplasm and in the
nucleus. It plays an important role in proteins.
Means something can pass through something while
others cannot.
The main method by which small molecules move across a
cell membrane. The molecules move from high
concentration to a low concentration.
The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively
permeable membrane.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Photosynthesis
The movement of dissolved materials through a cell
membrane without using cellular energy.
Moves materials through a cell membrane using cellular
energy.
Autotroph
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight
and uses it to make food. All living things do this directly or
indirectly.
An organism that makes its own food.
Heterotroph
Pigment
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Colored chemical compounds that absorb light.
Chlorophyll
The main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts.
The small opening on the underside of a leaf where carbon
dioxide can enter through a plant.
Stomata
Respiration
The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose.
Provides energy for the cells without using oxygen
Fermentation
Cell Cycle
Interphase
Replication
The regular sequence of growth and division that cells
undergo.
The first stage of the cell cycle. It is before cell division.
During this the cell grows, makes a copy of DNA, and
prepares to divide into 2 cells.
When the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA in its
nucleus.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Mitosis
When one copy of DNA is distributed into each of the two
daughter cells.
Chromosome
The thread like chromatin in the nucleus that condenses to
form double red line structures.
When the cytoplasm divides. When the organelles are
distributed into each of the two new cells.
Cytokenisis
Differentiation
Stem Cell
Heredity
The process by which cells change in structure and
become capable of carrying out specialized functions.
The cells that humans produce. They can differentiate
through life.
Trait
The passing of physical characteristics from parents to off
spring.
Each different form of a characteristic.
Genetics
Fertilization
The scientific study of heredity.
The joining of a sperm and egg.
Purebred
The offspring of many generations that have the same
trait.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Gene
The factors that control a trait.
Alleles
Dominant allele
The different form of a gene.
One whose trait is always visible in the organism when the
allele is present.
Recessive allele
Hybrid
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
Probability
A number that describes how likely it is that a certain event
will occur.
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles
that can result in a genetic cross.
Punnet square
Phenotype
Genotype
An organisms physical traits or it visible traits.
An organisms genetic makeup or allele combinations.
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
Codominance
A condition in which the neither of the two alleles of a gene
is dominant or recessive.
Sexual reproduction When genetic materials from two parents combines to form
a new organism.
Diploid
Meiosis
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one set from
each parent.
The process by which the number of chromosome is
reduced by half to form sex cells- sperm and eggs.
RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the
nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the
ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain.
Mutation
Multiple alleles
A change in gene or chromosome.
Three or more form of a gene that code for a single trait.
Sex chromosomes
A pair of chromosome carrying genes that determine
whether a person is a male of a female.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Sex-linked gene
A gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome.
Carrier
A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does
not have the trait.
An abnormal condition that a person inherits through
genes or chromosomes.
Genetic disorder
Pedigree
Karyotype
Selective breeding
Inbreeding
Hybridization
Clone
A chart or “family tree” that tracts which members of a
family have a particular trait.
A picture of all the chromosome in a cell arranged in pairs.
The process of selecting a few organisms with desired trait
to serve as parents of the next generation.
A selective breeding method in which two individuals with
identical sets of alleles are crossed.
An selective breeding method in which two genetically
different individuals are crossed.
An organism that is genetically identical to the organism in
which it was produced.
Genetic engineering The transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into
another organism, in order to produce an organism with
desired traits.
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a
person with a genetic disorder in attempt to correct the
disorder.
Genome
Species
All of the DNA in one cell of an organism.
A group of organisms that are physically similar and can
mate with each other and produce offspring that can also
mate and reproduce
fossil
The preserved remains or traces of an organism that luved
in the past
A behavior or physical characteristic that allows an
organism to survive or reproduce in its environment
Adaptation
evolution
Scientific theory
The gradual change in species overtime
A well- tested concept that explains a wide range of
observations
Natural selection
Variation
a process by which individuals that are better adapted to
their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
than others of the same species
A difference between individuals of the same species
Comparative
anatomy
The comparisons of the structures of the different
organisms
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Homologus
structures
Body parts that are structurally similar in related species
Mold
A type of fossil formed when a shell or another hard part of
an organism dissolves leaving an empty space in the
shape of the part
A type of fossil that forms when a mold becomes filled in
with materials thay then harden
Cast
Petrified fossil
Trace fossil
Paleontologist
Gradualism
A fossil formed when all materials replace all or part of the
organism
A type of fossil that provides evidence of activities of
ancient organisms
A scientist who studies fossils
The theory of evolution occurs slowly but steadily
Punctuated equilibiria The theory that species evolve during short periods o rapid
change
Habitat
The specific environment that provides things an organism
needs to live grow and reproduce
Extinct
Classification
The disappearance of all members of species of the Earth
The process of grouping things based on their similarities
Taxonomy
The scientific study on how things are classified
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Binomial
nomenclature
The system for naming organisms in which each
organisms is given a unique two-part scientific name
Genus
A classification grouping that consists of a number of
similar closely related species
An organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and some other
cell structures
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Branching tree
diagram
An organism whose cell contains a nuclei
A diagram that shows how scientist think different groups
of organisms are related
Shared derived
characteristic
Endocrine gland
A characteristic – usually a homozygous structure –
shared by all organisms in a group
A structure of the endocrine system that produces and
releases its chemical product directly into the bloodstream
Hormone
A chemical product of an endocrine gland that produces a
specific effect such as growth or development
A cell in the body that recognizes a hormone’s chemical
structure
Target
cell
Hypothalamus
A part of the brain that links that nervous system and the
endocrine system
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Pituitary gland
A endocrine gland that controls many body activities
Negative feedback
A process in which a system is turned off by the condition
it produces
A female sex cell
Egg
Sperm
Testis
A male sex cell
Organ of the male reproduction system in which sperm
and testosterone are produced
Testosterone
A hormone produced by the testes that controls the
development of physical characteristics in mature men
An external pouch of skin in which the testes are located
Scrotum
Semen
Penis
A mixture of sperm and fluids
The organ through which both semen and urine leave the
male body
Urethra
A small tube in through which urine flows from the body
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Ovary
A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and
seeds as they develop; organ of the female reproductive
system in which eggs and estrogen are produced
Estrogen
A hormone produced by the ovaries that controls the
development of eggs and adult female characteristics
A passageway for eggs from an ovary to the uterus
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Vagina
Menstrual cycle
Follicle
Ovulation
Menstruation
The hollow muscular organ of the femal reproductive
system in which a fertilized egg develops
A muscular passageway leading to the outside of the body;
also called the birth canal
The cycle that changes occurs in the female reproductive
system, during which an egg develops and the uterus
prepares for the arrival of the fertilized egg
Structure of the dermis of the skin from the skin a strand of
hair grows; a grouping of cells in which an egg matures in
an ovary
The process in which a mature egg is released from the
ovary into a fallopian tube
The process in which the thickened lining of the uterus
breaks down and blood and tissue then pass out of the
female body
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Embryo
Differentiation
Fetus
Amniotic sac
Placenta
Umbilical chord
Adolescene
Puberty
A young organism that develops from a zygote; a
developing human during the first eight weeks after
fertilization
The process in which cells change in structure and
become capable of carrying out specialized functions
A developing human from the ninth week of development
until birth
A fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the embryo
and fetus in the uterus
A membrane that become the link between a developing
embryo or fetus and the mother
A ropelike structure that forms between the embryo or
fetus in the placenta
The stage of development between childhood and
adulthood when children become adults physically and
mentally
The period of sexual development in which the body
becomes able to reproduce
END OF VOCAB
Actual Notes Taken in Class
Elizabeth Laus #15
Science/8
10/25/10
L.A. - Portfolio - Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 16
Endocrine System
-
Negative Feedback
-
Reproductive system -
Produces chemicals that control many of the bodies
daily activities as well as growth/development
Negative feedback, when a particular hormone gets to
a specific level. The ES stops the release of that
hormone.
a certain amount of hormone gets to a level high
enough to then have it shut down
Males produce sperms
Females produce eggs