Download Realidades 2 – Capítulo 3B

Realidades 2 – Capítulo 3B
Gramática
AVSR – Los verbos yo -go (pág. 155)
Several verbs have an irregular yo form in the present tense. Fill in the English equivalents and
conjugations for the following verbs:
Verbo
En inglés
yo
tú
Ud., él,
ella
nosotros
vosotros
Uds.,
ellos, ellas
tener
hacer
poner
traer
salir
decir
venir
oír
Capítulo 3B – Gramática nueva
Direct Object Pronouns (continued from 3A) (pág. 166)
Last chapter we learned the direct object pronouns lo, la, and los/las. Remember direct objects
are nouns that
the action of the verb (or who’s / what’s being “verbed”). This
chapter we will more closely study the first and second person direct object pronouns. These
pronouns are used in place of the direct object
in order to be less
.
Fill in the English equivalents for the direct object pronouns listed below.
singular
plural
me
nos
te
os
lo
los
la
las
Remember that the placement of DOP’s is dependent on the verb from which they receive the
action. If it is one conjugated verb, the DOP must be place directly
that verb. If
it is a conjugated verb working with an infinitive, then you may instead
the DOP to
the end of the infinitive. You will learn an additional placement rules later this chapter.
Affirmative Tú (familiar) Commands
When telling someone to do something, you must be speaking to that person directly. We use
commands to tell people to do things, and this chapter we will learn how to order someone we know
(a peer, a family member, etc.) to perform a task. Commands are commonly used in the classroom
setting by the teacher (write your name, turn in your homework, etc.).
Tú commands look/sound like the Ud./él/ella form of the present tense. It is easy to confuse
these two functions of language. See if you can tell which example below is a command and which is
a statement:
Luisa, entrega la tarea ahora.
Luisa entrega la tarea ahora.
statement / command
statement / command
Some verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. To form many of these commands, take the
yo form of the present tense and drop the –go:
Yo form
Infinitive
command form
poner
tener
decir
salir
venir
Other verbs have irregular tú commands that must be memorized:
hacer
ser
ir
If you use an object pronoun (DOP, reflexive) with an affirmative command, the pronoun MUST be
attached to the end of the command. If the original command/verb has two or more syllables
(**vowels), then you must put a written accent on the
syllable
of the original verb. If the command only has one syllable/vowel (such as the irregulars above),
then no written accent is needed.
¿Debo escribir mi nombre en el papel?
-Sí, escríbelo en el papel.
¿Debo hacer la tarea esta noche?
-Sí, hazla.
¿Debo lavarme las manos ahora?
-Sí, lávatelas ahora.
Present Progressive – regulars and irregulars (pág. 171)
To say that an action is happening right now, use the present progressive. To form the present
progressive, use the present tense of estar + the present participle (-ing form). To form the
present participle of a verb, drop off the ending and add the following:
-ar
-er
Ella está doblando a la izquierda.
-ir
Estamos aprendiendo a manejar.
Some verbs have irregular present participles. To form the present participle of –ir stemchanging verbs, the e in the infinitive form changes to
, and the o in the infinitive form
changes to
.
decir
pedir
repetir
seguir
servir
vestir
dormir
If an –er or –ir verb’s stem ends in a vowel, the i of –iendo will change to y:
creer
leer
traer
When you use object pronouns with this tense, the placement rules are similar to when you use a
conjugated verb with an infinitive. The object pronoun must either be placed
the conjugated verb (which in this case would be estar) or it can be
to the
end of the present participle. If you do the latter, you’ll need to add a written accent to the vowel
immediately preceding the letters
of the participle.
¿Están esperando el autobús Uds.?
-Sí, lo estamos esperando. or
-Sí, estamos esperándolo.