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REVIEW FOR TEST 4: GENETICS CHAPTER 12 -1406 MITOSIS CHAPTER 8- 1408 1. Define: genome, gene, chromosomes, chromatin, binary fission, homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, daughter chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, centromere, kinetochore, karyokinesis, spindle fibers, kinetochore microtubules, nonkinetochore microbules, centrosome, asters 2. List differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome. 3. A chromosome consists of ____ (60%) and ____ (40%). 4. Describe the phases of the cell cycle and the events that occur in each. a. Interphase 1. G1 2. S 3. G2 b. M phase 1. mitosis a. prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase 2. cytokinesis 5. A cell will spend most time at which part of the cell cycle? 6. Compare and contrast homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, daughter chromosomes. 7. Explain the movement of chromosomes to opposite poles. How is this achieved? 8. When the kinetochore microtubules disassemble, they do so at the which end, the chromosome end or centrosome end? 9. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants. Include cleavage furrow and cell plate formation. 10. In mitosis, one diploid cell produces ____ diploid cells. A human skin cell consists of 46 chromosomes. If the skin cell divides via mitosis, how many cells will result and what is the chromosomal number? A canine skin cell consists of 78 chromosomes. If the skin cell divides via mitosis, how many cells will result and what is the chromosomal number? CHAPTER 13 -1406 MEIOSIS CHAPTER 8- 1408 1. Define: chiasma (pl chiasmata) 2. In meiosis, one diploid cell produces ____ haploid cells. A human primordial sex celll consists of 46 chromosomes. If the cell divides via meiosis, how many cells will result and what is the chromosomal number? A canine skin cell consists of 78 chromosomes. If the skin cell divides via mitosis, how many cells will result and what is the chromosomal number? 3. Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis. 4. Study the diagram of the human life cycle and indicate where in the human body mitosis and meiosis occur; which cells are the result of meiosis and mitosis; and which cells are haploid and which ones diploid. 5. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction. 6. What type of cell results from meiosis? List function and chromosomal number. 7. Meiosis consists of two divisions. The first division, described as the reduction division, separates the ____ . The second division, described as the mitotic division, separates the ____ . 8. Describe the events characteristic of each. Meiosis I: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I Meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II 9. Compare mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II. What is the chromosomal arrangement during metaphase? Chromosomes are either individually aligned or pairs of homologous chromosomes are aligned. 10. At what point in meiosis do the following events occur? a. synapsis b. tetrad formation c. crossing-over 11. List contributions to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms. (Why are all gametes different?) 12. Gametogenesis includes spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Give the number of viable gametes produced from one primordial cell for both spermatogenesis and oogenesis. CHAPTER 14- 1406 MENDEL CHAPTER 9- 1408 1. Define: cross, hybrid, true-breeding, allelles, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous, cross fertilization, self fertilization, genotype, phenotype, pleiotrophy, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, P , F1 , F2 2. List the contributions of a. Gregor Mendel b. Reginald C. Punnett 3. List and explain Mendel's first and second laws. 4. Distinguish between parental and recombinant phenotypes. 5. Be able to perform monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Know the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for F1 and F2 . 6. Compare and contrast complete dominance, incomplete, codominance and provide examples CHAPTER 15- 1406 HUMAN GENETICS CHAPTER 9- 1408 1. Define: karyotype, sex chromosome, autosome, karyotype, sexlinked gene, nondisjunction, hemizygous, aneuploidy and polyploidy, monosomy and trisomy 2. Distinguish between heterogametic sex and homogametic sex. 3. Explain why a recessive sex-linked gene is always expressed in human males. 4. Describe the type of chromosomal alternations implicated in the following human disorders: a. Down syndrome b. Klinefelter syndrome c. extra Y d. metafemale e. Turner syndrome 5. Are the following X-linked or Y-linked? a. red-green colorblindness b. hemophilia c. hairy pinna (hairy ears) d. SRY gene e. Duchenne's MD 6. List chromosomal anomalies that can result from XX nondisjuction in a. spermatogenesis b. oogenesis. List chromosomal anomalies that can result from YY nondisjuction in spermatogenesis. 7. What determinations can be made by careful examination of a pedigree? 8. Landsteiner (ABO) blood groups. List the genotypes. List the corresponding antigens and antibodies. Know which blood types can be received in each phenotype. Be able to perform crosses. Which alleles are codominant, which is recessive? a. A b. B c. AB d. O 9. What is the Rh factor and where is it found? 10. Under what circumstances will you have a baby labeled as erythroblastosis fetalis (or hemolytic disease of the newborn)? Provide genotypes for mother and baby. 11. Describe the following genetic disorders. At the cellular level , are these disorders dominant, recessive, codominant, or incompletely dominant. a. cystic fibrosis b. PKU c. sickle-cell anemia d. hemophilia: royal and autosomal e. Tay-Sachs disease f. hypercholesteremia g. Huntington disease 12. Are the following codominant, incomplete dominance, dominant or recessive? a. albinism (albino) b. A and B alleles of ABO blood c. pink snapdragons d. shorthorn roan cattle (red and white hair) 13. Differentiate between sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes. 14. Distinguish between a. linked-genes 1. completely linked-genes 2. incompletely linked-genes b. unlinked-genes