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The War with Persia • As the Athenians expanded, they came into conflict with the Persian Empire. – In 499BC, the Athenians helped cities under Persian control revolt. – These revolts fail, but the Persian king, Darius, vowed revenge. • Seeking payback, Persians landed outside of the city of Marathon in 490BC. – Outnumbered Athenian army defeats the Persians. • Pheidippides, ran the 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news that the Athenians had won. Athens prepares for more… • Athenian leader Themistocles believed Persia would attack again. – Athens built the largest navy in Greece, with 200 triremes! • Darius died four years later (486BC), and Xerxes, the new Persian king, vowed revenge and planned to invade Greece again. The Persian War Part II • In 480BC the Persians invade Greece and head towards Athens. – 150,000 men, 700 naval ships, and hundreds of supply ships. • Athenians and Spartans put aside their differences and join forces. – In both of their best interests. • At Thermopylae, 9,000 Greeks (including 300 Spartans) fight to hold off the Persian army. – Spartans are ultimately defeated. “Go tell the Spartans, thou who passest by, That here, obedient to their laws, we lie.” The Persian War Part II • The Athenians evacuate Athens and retreat to island of Salamis. – Persians sack and burn Athens. • In early 479BC the united Greek army defeats the Persians at the Battle of Salamis. The Delian League • After defeating Persia, Athens and Sparta form alliances to protect themselves from another Persian attack. • Delian League – Athens and its allies. • Peloponnesian League – Sparta and its allies. Athenian Imperialism • Over time, Athens began to abuse the other city-states in the Delian league… – Pericles used Delian League money for Athenian building projects. • Parthenon – Athens sacked and burned smaller citystates that attempted to withdraw. • Forced them to pay “tribute.” – Claimed that the “Persian threat is always near…” Peloponnesian War - Beginning • In 431 B.C., Corinth and Megara are being threatened by Athens to join the Delian League. – Members of the Peloponnesian League • Sparta sends a message to Athens to “back down, or else…” • Remember: – Athens = Strong navy. – Sparta = Strong army. What would you do? The exciting conclusion… • The Athenians, led by Pericles, decide to stay within the walls of their city and rely on their navy. – The Spartans surround the city. • Two years go by… – A plague breaks out in the overly crowded city. • 1/3 die, including Pericles. • War lasts for another 25 years. – Finally, Athens surrenders when its navy is destroyed in 405BC.