Download Cells to Body Systems vocab and notes

Science Vocabulary Terms: Cells to Body Systems
**The Cells vocabulary quiz (numbers 1-9) will be Tuesday, August 16, 2016.**
1. Cell: smallest unit of living things that can carry out basic processes of life
2. Unicellular: organism made of one cell that carries out all of its life processes
3. Multicellular: organisms made of many cells that work together to carry out life
processes
4. Organelle: tiny structure within a cell that performs a particular function in a cell
5. Cell membrane: organelle that holds the parts of an animal or plant cell together and
separates it from its surroundings
6. Nucleus: organelle that controls all of the animal or plant cell’s activities and controls the
production of new cells
7. Vacuole: organelle that stores food, wastes, or water in an animal or plant cell
8. Cell wall: plant cell organelle that supports and protects the plant cell
9. Chloroplasts: plant cell organelle that makes food for the plant cell
10. Circulatory system: the organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that
moves blood through the body
11. Respiratory system: the organ system that brings oxygen into the body and removes
waste gas
12. Digestive system: the organ system that breaks down food so it can be absorbed into
the bloodstream
13. Nervous system: the body system that works with other body systems to help organisms
respond to stimuli
14. Skeletal system: the organ system made of bones, tendons, and ligaments that provides
protection and support to the body
15. Muscular system: the body system made of muscles that move bones
Cells to Body Systems Notes
 Cells
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Robert Hooke first identified cells in 1665 as he observed a thin slice of cork through a
microscope. He saw tiny walled spaces that reminded him of tiny rooms, or cells. A cell is the
smallest unit of living things that can carry out basic processes of life. An organism with
many cells usually has many different kinds of cells that have special functions. This is true for
plants and animals.
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Sometimes organisms can be made up of only one cell that performs all life processes. These
organisms are called unicellular. Examples of unicellular organisms are amoebas and bacteria.
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Humans belong to a vast group of multicellular organisms because we are made of more than one
cell. For multicellular organisms, the size and shape of a cell depends on its function. Cells
work together to perform basic life processes that keep an organism alive. Also, each
individual cell can perform all the basic life processes for itself.
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Cells are made of up of even smaller structures called organelles. Each organelle within a cell has
a particular function, or job, in the life processes of a cell.
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Animal and plant cells have similar organelles in common, but the plant cell has two organelles
that belong only to plants: the cell wall and the chloroplast.
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Cell organelles:
1) Nucleus – controls all cell activities and the production of new cells
2) Cell membrane – holds animal or plant cells together; gives cells their shape
3) Cytoplasm - jellylike substance that has chemicals needed to keep the cell functioning
4) Vacuole - stores food, waste, or water in animal or plant cells
5) Mitochondria – release energy from food for animal and plant cells
6) Cell wall – layer outside the cell membrane that supports and protects the plant cell
7) Chloroplasts – make food for the plant cell; where photosynthesis occurs in the cell
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Cells get most of their water from osmosis. During osmosis, water and dissolved materials move
through the cell membrane. This process keeps plants from wilting.
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In multicellular organisms, cells that work together to perform specific functions form tissues.
There are four kinds of tissues:
1) muscle tissue – cells contract when they receive signals from the brain and cause movement of
the skeleton
2) nervous tissue – carry signals to muscle tissue; brain and spinal cord are nervous tissue
3) connective tissue – connects the body; tissue in bones and cartilage; blood
4) epithelial tissue – includes an animal’s body covering (skin) and lines most internal organs
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Tissues that work together form an organ. Organs are made of several kinds of tissues.
Organs that work together to perform a function form an organ system.
REMEMBER: CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemOrganism
 Human Body Systems
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Each body system has its own task, or job, but they all work together to keep an
organism alive.
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The Circulatory System transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste through the body in the
blood. The heart is the major organ of this system, and it pumps blood through blood vessels.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart as veins carry blood to the heart.
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The Respiratory System helps provide your body with oxygen while also removing gases
from the body. Your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your blood and prepare it to be exhaled
while the oxygen you inhaled diffuses into your blood. Then, your circulatory system takes the
oxygen-rich blood to your heart. The lungs and trachea (windpipe) are the major organs of this
system.
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The Digestive System helps release nutrients from food to produce energy for your body.
The digestive system performs two functions. First, it breaks food into nutrients. Second, it
gets the nutrients into the blood. The nutrients in your blood are carried by the circulatory
system to cells all over your body. The major organs of this system are the esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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The Nervous System is responsible for sending messages to and from the brain. The
nervous system connects all your tissues and organs to your brain and is divided into two parts:
1) The central nervous system is your brain and spinal cord. Your brain controls your body’s
automatic functions performed by your body systems.
2) The peripheral nervous system is your sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.) and body nerves.
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The Skeletal System provides support for your body and it protects many of your internal
organs. An adult human skeleton has 206 bones, but not all of your skeleton is bone. Cartilage,
a connective tissue, is found at the ends of bones to provide a smooth surface or allow for
smooth movement between bones. Bones are living organs made of connective tissue. Bone
marrow, a connective tissue, is found in the center of your bones. Joints connect bones to each
other and to muscles. Different kinds of joints allow different kinds of movement:
1) hinge joints – allow back-and-forth movement (think about a swinging door); knee or elbow
2) ball-and-socket joints – allow circular movement (think about a joystick); hip
3) immovable joints – don’t allow movement; found in your skull
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The Muscular System allows your body to move. There are three kinds of muscles in your
body:
1) Voluntary – moves bones and hold your skeleton upright
2) Smooth – contracts slowly and moves substances through the organs they surround; runs
in bands around digestive organs
3) Cardiac – makes up the walls of the heart and functions to pump blood