Download Chapter 1 Introduction

Teaching Plan of Human Structure and Function I
Chapter 1 Introduction
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 1 Introduction
Teacher: Hao Jing, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 0.5 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao (Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Understanding content:
1.To know the research object and purpose of histology.
2 .To know the common research techniques of histology.
3. To know the relationship between the cubic morphology with varieties of
sections.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The research contents and the situation in medicine of Histology (10min).
2. The common research technics of Histology and Embryology. The basic
principle of manufactory of Histological sections. The meaning of acidophilic,
basophilic and neutrophilic affinities. The basic principle of manufactory of
ultra-thin section. The meaning of high electron dense and low electron dense of
transmission electron micrograph. The observation of scanning electron microscope.
The basic principle of freeze etching and freeze fracture. The basic principle of
histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography(the observation of light
microscope and transmission electron microscope). The method of issue
culture(10min).
3. The relationship between cubic morphology and varieties of sections(4min).
4. The common length unit of microscope, use the international unit system
correctly(1min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis The meaning of acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic affinities. The
meaning of high electron dense and low electron dense of transmission electron
micrograph.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
Define following word
1. H-E staining
2. basophilia
3. acidophilia
4. neutrophilia
5. metachromasia
6. argyrophilia
7. electron dense
8. electron lucent
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.
Chapter2 Epithelial tissue
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 2 Epithelial tissue
Teacher: Hao Jing, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the general features and classification of epithelial tissue.
2. To master the structured features and functions of varieties of covering
epithelium.
3. To master the L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of microvilli
and cilia.
4. To master the ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of intercellular
conjunctions.
5. To master the position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of basement
membrane.
Familiarizing content:
To know the conception of glandular cells, glandular epithelium and glands, and the
morphological classification of exocrine glands.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The general features and classification of epithelial tissue. The conception and
general functions of covering
epithelium, glandular epithelium and sense
epithelium (10 min).
2. Covering epithelium: the general features and classification of covering
epithelium, epithelial polarity. The structure and function of simple squamous
epithelium, simple cuboid epithelium ,simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified
columnar epithelium , stratified squamous epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium
and transitional epithelium(30 min).
3. The special structures of epithelial cell :The L.M and Ultra-structured features
and functions of microvilli and cilia in the free surface of the epithelial cell. The
distribution of conjunctive structure and junctional complex in the lateral surface of
the epithelial cell. The Ultra-structured feature of plasma membrane infolding and
hemidesmosome in the basal surface of the epithelial cell. The L.M. structure.,
Ultra-structure and function of basement membrane. The composition and formation
of the basement membrane (30 min).
4. Glandular epithelium: The conception of glandular cell, glandular epithelium and
gland. The generation of glandular cell and gland. The general features of exocrine
gland and endocrine gland. The classification of exocrine gland, unicellular gland and
multi-cellular gland, the morphological classification of multi-cellular gland. The
features of mucous gland, serous gland and mixed gland. The characteristic of
merocrine, apocrine and holocrine (20 min).
5. The physiologic renew of the epithelium, and the regeneration of the epithilium
after destruction. The types of glandular cell: protein secretary cell, glycoprotein
secretary cell, steroid secretary cell (10 min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The general features and classification of epithelial tissue.
2. The structured features and functions of varieties of covering epithelium.
3. The L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of microvilli and cilia.
4. The ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of intercellular
conjunctions.
5. The position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of basement membrane.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the general features and classification of epithelial tissue.
2. Please describe the structured features and functions of varieties of covering
epithelium.
3. Please describe the L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of
microvilli and cilia.
4. Please describe the ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of
intercellular conjunctions.
5. Please describe the position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of
basement membrane.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.
Chapter3 Connective tissue proper
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 3 Connective tissue proper
Teacher: Hao Jing, professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the feature and classification of the connective tissue.
2. To master the structure and function of varied composition of the loose
connective tissue.
Familiarizing content:
1. To know the features of fibers and composition of the matrix.
2. To know the basic structure and function of the dense connective tissue, adipose
tissue and reticular tissue.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The feature and classification of connective tissue (10 min).
2. Loose Connective tissue
Cell: The L.M. Structure and Ultra-structure of fibroblast and fibrocyte , the
process of formation of fibers and matrix; the L.M. Structure, Ultra-structure of
macrophage and its phagocytosis; the L.M. structure and Ultra-structure of plasma
cell, the formation of antibody; the L.M. structure and its function of adipose cell;
the conception of undifferentiated mesenchymal cell and varied white cells(40 min).
Intercellular matrix: the L.M. structure and Ultra-structure, physical and chemical
properties and stain feature of collagenous fiber, elastic fiber and reticular fiber.
The composition, properties and functions of matrix (30 min).
3. The structured features and functions of dense connective tissue, elastic tissue
and adipose tissue. The basic structure and functional significance of reticular
tissue(20 min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The feature and classification of the connective tissue.
2. The structure and function of varied composition of the loose connective tissue.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the feature and classification of the connective tissue.
2. Please describe the structure and function of varied composition of the loose
connective tissue.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010
Chapter4 Cartilage and bone
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 4 Cartilage and bone
Teacher: Hao Jing, professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the structure and function of hyaline cartilage.
2. To master the structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone.
Familiarizing content:
1. To know the features of elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage
2. To know the processes of formation of bone and its remodeling.
Understanding content:
To understand the structure and role of osteoblast and osteoclast in regulation of
blood calcium.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. Cartilage
The structure of cartilage tissue , the L.M. Structure and Ultra-structure
of chondrocyte, the matrix and the fibers of cartilage. The structure and function of
perichondrium, the growing type of the cartilage. The distribution, structured
features and function of hyaline cartilage., elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage
(30min).
2. Bone
Osseous tissue and its generation: The L.M.structure and Ultra-structure of
osteocyte , the intercellular matrix of bone . The structure of osseous lamella .The
origin, L.M. structure , ultra-structure and function of the osteoblast. The basic
development processes of osseous tissue, the osteoid. The origin, L.M. structure,
ultra-structure and function of osteoclast. The role of osteoblast and osteoclast in
regulation of blood calcium (30min).
The structure of long bone: the structure of spongy bone and compact bone , inner
circumferential lamellas, outer circumferential lamellas, intermediate lamellas and
Harvensian system.
The structure of osteum (20min).
The formation of the bone: (1) the processes of intramembranous ossification (2)the
processes of endochondral ossification. The formation of the embryonic form of
cartilage . perichondral ossification, the formation of bone collar, endochondral
ossification, the appearance of primary ossification center. The formation of bone
marrow cavity, the appearance of secondary ossification center. The growth of
epiphyseal cartilage and the growth of bone. The growing thick of the bone collar
and the thick of the diaphysis. The factors which influence the growth of bone
(15min).
The constant remodeling processes and its significancepf bone (5min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The structure and function of hyaline cartilage.
2. The structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the structure and function of hyaline cartilage.
2. Please describe the structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010
Chapter 5 Muscle tissue
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 5 Muscle tissue
Teacher: Hao Jing, professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 1.5hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.
2. To master the ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle and
cardiac muscle.
Familiarizing content:
To know the ultra-structure of the smooth muscle.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The properties of muscle tissues (5min).
2. Skeletal muscle: the microstructure — sarcomere , myofibril, light band and dark
band of skeletal muscle fiber; the ultra-structure — myofilament, T tubule,
sarcoplasmic reticulum and triad of skeletal muscle fiber; the structural foundation
of skeletal muscle contraction; the muscle satellite cell and the regeneration of
skeletal muscle contraction; the structure of muscle — endomysium, perimysium,
epimysium (35min).
3. Cardiac muscle: the main different points of microstructure and ultra-structure
between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle;t he ultra-structure of intercalated disk
(15min).
4. Smooth muscle: the feature of microstructure and ultra-structure ; the
conjunction method between smooth fibers (15min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.
2. The ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle and cardiac
muscle.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.
2. Please describe the ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle
and cardiac muscle.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology,second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010
Chapter 6 Nervous tissue
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 6 Nervous tissue
Teacher: Hao Jing, professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of nerve
cell and neuroglia.
2. To master the ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.
3. To master the structure and classification of nerve fibers.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The basic structure of nerve tissue (5min).
2. Nerve cell: the microstructure and ultra-structure of the cell body, dendrite and
axon; the classification of nerve cell according to the morphology or
neurotransmitters; the structural foundation of the anterograde and retrograde
transport; the synapse — the conjunction between nerve cells, the microstructure of
the synapse, the ultra-structure of the chemical synapse and electrical synapse
(45min).
3. The classification of neuroglia: the neuroglia in the CNS — the structure and
function of ependymal cell, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and microglial cell; the
neuroglia in the PNS — the structure and function of neurolemmal cell and
ganglionic glial cell (25min).
4. Nerve fiber: the microstructure of myelinated nerve fiber; the formation of the
neurilemma and myelin sheath and its ultrastructure;the microstructure and
ultrastructure of the unmyelinated nerve fiber (20min).
5. The degeneration and regeneration of the nerve fiber (5min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of nerve cell and
neuroglia.
2. The ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.
3. The structure and classification of nerve fibers.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of
nerve cell and neuroglia.
2. Please describe the ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.
3. Please describe the structure and classification of nerve fibers.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House,2010.
2.Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th
edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.
Chapter 7
Cell& tissue adaptation and injury
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 7 Cell& tissue adaptation and injury
Teacher: Guo Chenhao, professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 3 hours
Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
1. The concept and type of atrophy, the concept of hypertrophy, the concept of
hyperplasia, the concepts and common types of metaplasia; familiar with the
concept of aging, to understand the mechanisms of aging.
2. To know the cell and tissue damage, the mechanism of cell and tissue damage.
3.To grasp the concept of degeneration, the concept of cell edema and
pathological changes, the concept of steatosis, pathological changes and
pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, the concept of hyalinization, types and their
pathological changes, the concept of necrosis, familiar with the pathological
changes, the categories of pathological pigmentation, familiar with lipofuscin,
the pathological characteristics of hemosiderin deposition and formation process,
familiar with the concept and type of pathological calcification, the concept of
amyloidosis, mucus -like degeneration;
4.To grasp the concept of necrosis, the general pathological changes, the types
and the pathological changes of different types, familiar with necrosis ending, to
grasp the concept of apoptosis and the distinction from necrosis, familiar with
the morphological characteristics, the mechanisms and biological significance
of apoptosis.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. Cell adaptation and cell aging: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia.
Cell aging (self-study) (60min).
2. The cell and tissue damage: causes, mechanisms, types and morphological
changes (90min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1.To grasp the concept and type of atrophy, the concept of hypertrophy, familiar
with the type, to grasp the concept of hyperplasia, familiar with the common types,
to grasp the concepts and common types of metaplasia.
2.The concept of degeneration, the concept of cell edema and pathological changes,
the concept of steatosis, pathological changes and pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis,
the concept of hyalinization, types and their pathological changes, the concept of
necrosis;
3.The concept of necrosis, the general pathological changes, the types and the
pathological changes of different types, the concept of apoptosis and the distinction
from necrosis.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
Define following word
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia
Please describe the concept of apoptosis and the distinction from necrosis
【Reference teaching material】
1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.
2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
Chapter 8 Damage repair
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 8 Damage repair
Teacher: Guo chenghao, professor
Teaching date: 2010.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 3 hours
Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
1.To know the concept of repair; To grasp the concept of regeneration, the
categories and the regenerative capacity of the organizations and their cell types
included; To master the regeneration processes of epithelium, capillaries and
peripheral nerve, know the regeneration processes of other tissues.
2. To know the molecular mechanisms of cell regeneration and differentiation, the
role of the extracellular matrix in the process of cell regeneration.
3.To know the concept of fibrous repair, the concept of granulation tissue,
morphological characteristics, role and outcome; To grasp the morphology of the scar
tissue, familiar with its role in the body.
4. To grasp the basic process and the type of wound healing; familiar with the
process of fracture healing; understand the factors that affect the healing.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The concept of the repair and regeneration, the regeneration capacity and
regeneration processes of all kinds of tissues (50min).
2. The concept of fibrous repair, granulation tissue, morphological characteristics,
role and outcome. The morphology and effect of scar tissue (50min).
3. The basic process of wound healing, skin wound healing, the basic
characteristics of fracture healing (30min).
4. Factors that affect the healing (20min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The concept of regeneration, the categories and the regenerative capacity of the
organizations and their cell types included; The regeneration processes of
epithelium, capillaries and peripheral nerve.
2. The morphology of the scar tissue.
3. The basic process and the type of wound healing.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the concept of regeneration, the categories and the regenerative
capacity of the organizations and their cell types included.
2. Please describe the regeneration processes of epithelium, capillaries and
peripheral nerve.
3. Please describe the morphology of the scar tissue.
4. Please describe the basic process and the type of wound healing.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.
2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
Chapter 9 General Embryology
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 9 General Embryology
Teacher: Hao Aijun, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao (Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To master the definition, place, time，process, conditions and the significances of
fertilization.
2. To master the structure of blastocyst.
3. To master the definition, time, place, process, and conditions of implantation, and
the ectopic implantations.
4. To master the meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .
5. To master the formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.
6. To master the composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.
7. To master the structure and the function of the placenta.
Familiarizing content:
1. To know the definition of embryology and the development periods of the fetus .
2. To know significance of capacitation of spermatozoon.
3. To know the meaning of the cleavage, morula and the blastocyst.
4. To know the calculation of the expected delivery date and the measuring method
of fetal age.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
Introduction of human development, the development and mature of gametes,
the capacitation of spermatozoon. The meaning of embryo, fetus and pregnancy body
(50min).
1.From fertilization to the formation of blastocyst.(1st week) (50min)
The time ,place,condition, processes and significance of fertilization.
The processes of cleavage, morula and the structure of blastocyst, inner cell mass
trophoblast and blastoceol.
The definition, time ,place, processe and conditions of implantation, and the ectopic
implantations and their causes, the decidual response and deciduas, cytotrophoblast,
and syncytiotrophoblast.
2.Bilaminar stage (2nd week) (50min)
The formation of bilaminar germ disc (epiblast ,hypoblast),amniotic cavity and yolk
sac.The extraembryonic mesoderm, the extraembryonic cavity, extraembryonic
somatic mesoderm and extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm， structure of the
chorion and the body stalk.
3.Trilaminar stage(3th week) (50min)
The appear of primitive streak and the decision of middle axis of embryo. The
formation of notochord and endoderm, intraembryonic mesoderm and ectoderm. The
differentiation of the trilaminar germ disc : formation of neural plate, neural groove
and neural tube as well the neural crest; the formation of paraxial mesoderm (somite),
lateral plate(mesoderm) and the intermediate mesoderm; buccopharyngeal membrane,
cloacal membrane, and intraembryonic coelom somatic mesoderm and splanchnic
mesoderm, and body stalk.
4.embryonic stage (4th-8th week) (50min)
Infolding of embryonic disc. The formation of primitive gut and yolk stalk. The
formation of umbilical cord ,the introduction of appeatance change of fetus.
5.Fetal stage (9th week to birth) (50min)
The summary of main changes every month during fetal stage, the calculation of the
expected delivery date and the measuring method of fetal age. The factors which
influence the fetal growth.
6.Fetal membrane and placenta (70min)
The formation of chorion, yolk sac, amnion, allamtois and umbilical cord and their
functions and abnormality in fetal development. The structure and function of
placceta, placental barrier. Hydatidiform mole.
7. Twins: monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins(30min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The definition, place, time ， process, conditions and the significances of
fertilization.
2. The structure of blastocyst.
3. The definition, time, place, process, and conditions of implantation, and the
ectopic implantations.
4. The meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .
5. The formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.
6. The composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.
7. The structure and the function of the placenta.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the definition, place, time ， process, conditions and the
significances of fertilization.
2. Please describe the structure of blastocyst.
3. Please describe the definition, time, place, process, and conditions of
implantation, and the ectopic implantations.
4. Please describe the meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .
5. Please describe the formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.
6. Please describe the composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.
7. Please describe the structure and the function of the placenta.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical
publishing House, 2010.
2. Thomas W. Sadler.Langman’s Medical Embryology 12th edition.2011
Chapter 10 The Development of Face and Palate
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 10 The Development of Face and Palate
Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 8hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Formation of face and neck; development of palatine and related malformations
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
Section 1 Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches and branchial arches
and formation of face (50 min)
1. Formation of the branchial apparatus; Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches and
related malformations (20min)
2. formation of face (15min)
3. formation of primitive stomodeum and related malformations (15min)
Section 2 Development of the palate and formation of neck and
related malformations (50min)
1.development of palatine and related malformations (25min)
2.formation of neck and definition of cervical sinus (15min)
3.give a summary (10min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis Formation of the branchial apparatus; Derivatives of the pharyngeal
pouches; development of palatine and related malformations
Difficult point Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches; development of palatine
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point and samples
【Home work】
Define following word
1. pharyngeal pouch
2. cleft palate
3.cervical sinus
4. oblique facial cleft
【Reference teaching material】
1. 高英茂主编.组织学与胚胎学（八年制）.北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.
2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition) Lippincott Williams
& wilkins 2004
Chapter 11 The Development of Digestive and Respiratory system
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 11 The Development of Digestive and Respiratory
system
Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
Development of digestive gut and related malformations; development of liver,
gallbladder and pancreas and related malformations
Understanding content:
Development of the primitive gut
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
Section 1 development of digestive system (50 min)
4.
5.
6.
7.
development and differentiation of primitive gut (10min)
development of digestive tract (15min)
development of liver and gallbladder (15min)
development of pancreas (10min)
Section 2 malformations in the development of digestive system and
development of respiratory system and related malformations (50min)
1. malformations in the development of digestive system (15min)
2. development of respiratory system (15min)
3.malformations in the development of respiratory system (10min)
4. give a summary (10min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis development of digestive tract and related malformations; development
of liver and pancreas and related malformations
Difficult point development of digestive tract and related malformations
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point and samples
【Home work】
1. describe the development of digestive tract and related malformations
2. describe the development of liver, gallbladder and pancreas and related
malformations
3. describe the development of respiratory system and related malformatiosn
【Reference teaching material】
1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.
2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams
& wilkins. 2004
Chapter12 The Development of urogenital System
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 12 The Development of urogenital System
Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
Development of metanephros and related malformations; development and
derivation of urogenital sinus and related malformations; development of testis and
ovary and related malformations
Understanding content:
Development of pronephros and mesonephros; development of urogenital duct and
related malformations
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
Section 1 development of urinary system and indifferentiation stage
of development of genital system (50 min)
1. primordium of urinary and genital system (10min)
2. development of urinary system (25min)
3. malformations in the development of urinary system (10min)
4.indifferentiation stage of development of genital system (5min)
Section 2 differentiation stage of development of genital systme and
related malformations (50min)
1. development of testis (15min)
2. development of ovary (15min)
3.malformations in the development of genital system (10min)
4. give a summary (10min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis primordium of urogenital system; development of metanephros and
related malformations; development of testis and related malformations; development
of ovary and related malformations
Difficult point development of metanephros, testis and ovary
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point and samples
【Home work】
1. describe the development of metanephros and related malformations
2. describe malformations related with urachus
3. describe the development of genital system and related malformatiosn
4. describe the development of genital duct
【Reference teaching material】
1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.
2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams
& wilkins. 2004
Chapter13 The Development of Circulatory System
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 13 The Development of Circulatory System
Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
Development of cardiovascular system and related malformations; Fetal circulation
and changes of fetal circulation after birth
Understanding content:
Development of primitive cardiovascular system
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
Section 1 development of primitive cardiovascular system and
evolution of the external appearance of heart (50 min)
1. development of primitive cardiovascular system (10min)
2. development of cardiac tube (15min)
3. evolution of the external appearance of heart (10min)
4.Septum formation in the primitive atrium (15min)
Section 2 septum formation in the heart and related malformations
(50min)
1. Septum formation in the primitive ventricle (10min)
2. Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus & bulbus cordis (10min)
3. Fetal circulation (10min)
4. malformations in the development of cardiovascular system (10min)
5. give a summary (10min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis evolution of the external appearance of heart; Septum formation in the
primitive ventricle and related malformations; Septum formation in the primitive
atrium and related malformations; Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus &
bulbus cordis and related malformations; malformations in the development of
cardiovascular system; Fetal circulation
Difficult point septum formation in the heart
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point and samples
【Home work】
1. describe the septum formation in the primitive atrium and related malformations
2. describe the septum formation in the primitive ventricle and related
malformations
3. describe the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus & bulbus cordis and
related malformations
4. describe the fetal circulation and changes of fetal circulation after birth
【Reference teaching material】
1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.
2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams
& wilkins. 2004
Chapter 14
Tumor
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 14 Tumor
Teacher: Zhang, Jianping, Associate Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
1. To know the concept of the tumor, the difference between the tumor and
non-tumor hyperplasia; To grasp the general morphology and structural characteristics
of the tumor.
2. To grasp the concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor atypia.
3. To grasp the growth types and spread pathway of tumor; familiar with the biology
of tumor growth, such as growth fraction, the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis and
tumor heterogeneity and its significance; understand the grade and stage of the tumor.
4. To know the effects of benign and malignant tumors on the body.
5. To grasp the difference between benign and malignant tumors.
6. To master the naming and classification of tumor.
7. To master the histology sources, morphological characteristics and the
predilection sites of common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma); the difference between cancer and sarcoma, the overall
pathologic characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors; To understand the
common non-epithelial tumor; To master precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia
and carcinoma in situ, as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia; familiar with
the common type of precancerous lesions; understand neuroectoderm-derived tumors,
common tumor types composed by a variety of tissue.
8. To know the concept of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the main type of
understanding of the mechanism of action; familiar with the environmental
carcinogenic factors and their carcinogenic mechanisms; internal factors of tumor
development.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
The concept and general morphology of the tumor (30min); atypia; growth and
spread (30min); tumor effects on the body (30min); difference between benign and
malignant tumors (borderline tumors concept) (40min); tumor nomenclature and
classification(20min); distinction of cancer and sarcoma(20min); common tumor, For
example (predilection sites , morphological characteristics) (50min). The benign and
malignant tumors derived from epithelium: papilloma, adenoma (cystadenoma,
fibroadenoma, pleomorphic adenoma), squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma,
transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma(50min).
Precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ (50min). Mesenchyme-derived benign and
malignant tumors: fibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma, vascular tumors, fibrosarcoma,
liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, giant cell tumor, osteosarcoma
(30min). Other tumors: melanoma, black nevus, teratoma. The pathological
examination methods of the tumor, tumor etiology and pathogenesis(50min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1.The general morphology and structural characteristics of the tumor.
2. The concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor atypia.
3. The growth types and spread pathway of tumor.
4. The difference between benign and malignant tumors.
5. The naming and classification of tumor.
6. The histology sources, morphological characteristics and the predilection sites of
common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous cell carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma); the difference between cancer and sarcoma, the overall pathologic
characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors; Precancerous lesions, atypical
hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the general morphology and structural characteristics of the
tumor.
2. Please describe the concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor
atypia.
3. Please describe the growth types and spread pathway of tumor;
4. Please describe the difference between benign and malignant tumors.
5. Please describe the naming and classification of tumor.
6. Please describe the histology sources, morphological characteristics and the
predilection sites of common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma).
7. Please describe the difference between cancer and sarcoma.
8. Please describe the overall pathologic characteristics of malignant mesenchymal
tumors.
9. Please describe precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ,
as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia
【Reference teaching material】
1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.
2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
Chapter 15 Introduction of Pharmacology
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 15 Introduction of Pharmacology
Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 1 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
To master the concepts of pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics.
Familiarizing content:
Familiar with the nature and duties of pharmacology.
Understanding content:
To understand history and development of pharmacology, and the role of
pharmacology in clinical medicine and in the research and development of new drugs.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The nature and the duties of pharmacology (20min).
(1) Pharmacology,drug,pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics.
(2) The nature and the duties of pharmacology.
2. The history and the development of drug and pharmacology (20min).
3. The roles of pharmacology in the research and development of new drugs
(10min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
The concepts of pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
Define following word
pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology.
People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 7th edition, 2011.
Chapter 16 PHARMACOKINETICS
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 16 PHARMACOKINETICS
Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
1．Familiar with the main modes and characteristics of drug transmembrane, and
to master the effect of pH on drug transmembrane.
2．Familiar with the concepts of absorption and distribution, and its affecting
factors. And to master the pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination,
bioavailability and apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .
3．Familiar with the concept of drug biotransformation and main modes, and to
master the properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and inhibitors, and
their effects ondrug actions.
4．To understand the concept of drug excretion and main routes, And to master
the pharmacological importances of the passive tubular reabsorption and
enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.
5．Familiar with the first-order elimination kinetics and zero-order elimination
kinetics, typical time-concentration curve, compartment models and the kinetics of
multiple dose kinetics.
6．To master thepharmacological importances of the elimination rate constant
（K）, half life（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The process of drug in the body include absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion. The modes of drug transmembrane include passive transport and active transport.
And the effects of fluid pH on thetransports of the weak acidic and weak basic drugs
(10min).
2. The absorption of drug and the first-pass elimination (10min).
3. The distribution of drug and its affecting factors including Plasma protein
binding, The properties of drug and physical pH, local tissue blood flow and cell membrane
barriers.
The concept of redistribution (10min).
4. The biotransformation of drug: hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase
system,enzyme inducer and enzyme inhibitor (10min).
5. The excretion of drug (10min)
The routes of drug excretion have two mian routes: renal excretion and biliry
excretion: hepato-enteral circulation.
6. The timing course of drug concentration in the body(20min)
(1)The typical time-concentration relationship curve
(2)Peak concentration, Cmax
(3)Peak time, tmax
(4)Minimum effective concentration, Cmin
(5)Maxmum effective concentration, Cmax
(6)Area under the curve, AUC (g.h.L-1)
7. Pharmacokinetic parameters(30min)
(1)First order kinetics
dC/dt = -keC1 = -keC， Ct = C0e-ket
(2)Zero order kinetics
-dC/dt = KC0 = -KC0 = -K
(3)Bioavailability，F
F(oral) = A/D x 100% = AUC(oral)/AUC(iv) x 100%
= AUCtest/AUCstandard x 100%
(4)Apparent volume of distribution, Vd : Vd = A/C0 = A/AUC x Ke(L)
(5)Half-life, t1/2)： t1/2 = 0.693/ke
(6)Plasma clearance, CL： CL = (RE)/Cp = Vd x ke (L.h-1)
(7)Rate of elimination, RE：RE = CL x Cp
(8)Elimination rate constant, Ke：Ke = 0.693/t1/2
(9)Steady state concentration, Css
(10)The maximum steady state concentration,Css-max
(11)The minimum steady state concentration, Css-min
(12)The average concentration of Css, Css
(13)Maintenance dose, Am：Am = CL x TC x  x F
TC: target concentration，: dose internal，F: bioavailabilty.
(1)Loading dose, Dl
Dl = Css x Vd = RA/Ke = 1.44t1/2RA，当  为 t1/2, Dl = Dm/1-e-0.693 = D/0.5 =
2Dm
(15)Compartment model
one-compartment model and two-compartment model.
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1．The effect of pH on drug transmembrane.
2．The pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination, bioavailability and
apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .
3．The properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and inhibitors, and
their effects on drug actions.
4. The pharmacological importances of the passive tubular reabsorption and
enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.
5．The pharmacological importance of the elimination rate constant（K）, half life
（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1．Please describe the effect of pH on drug transmembrane.
2. Please describe the pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination,
bioavailability and apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .
3．Please describe the properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and
inhibitors, and their effects on drug actions.
4. Please describe the pharmacological importances of the passive tubular
reabsorption and enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.
5．Please describe the pharmacological importance of the elimination rate
constant（K）, half life（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology.
People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.
Chapter 17 PHARMCODYNAMICS
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 17 PHARMCODYNAMICS
Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1．To master the basic actions of drug, the therapeutic effects and the adverse drug
reactions.
2．To master the dose-response relationship of drug.
3．To master the mechanisms of drug action, interaction of drug and recptors, the
types of receptors and the second messengers.
Familiarizing content:
Familiar with the structure-activaity relationship of drug.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. The pharmacological actions and effects (10min)
(1)The pharmacological actions and effects and selectivity
(2)Therapeutic effects: etiological treatment, symptomatic treatmentand supplement
therapy.
2. Adverse drug reaction, ADR (10min)
（1）Side reaction)；
（2）Toxic reaction)：acute toxication, chronic toxication）and
special toxicit such as carcinogenesis), teratogenesis and mutagenesis；（3）After
effect)；（4）Withdrawal reaction；（5）Allergic reaction and（6）Idiosyncrasy.
3. Drug dose and dose-effect relationship (10min)
(1)Dose-effect relationshipand dose-effect curve.
(2)Graded response：
Minimum effective concentration, Cmin, threshold concentration
Minimum effective dose
Maximum efficacy,Emax
Individual variability
Potency
(3)Quantal response, all-or-non response：
Median effective dose, ED50
Concentration for 50% of maximum effect, EC50
Toxic dose)
Minimum toxic dose
Lethal dose
Median lethal dose,LD50
Therapeutic index, TI.
4. The mechanisms of drug action(10min)
Mechanisms of action：
The Types of Mechanism of Drug Action:
(1) Physical and Chemical Reaction
(2)Joining or Interfering with Cell Metabolism
 counterfeit incorporation
 antimetabolite
(3) Affecting Transportation
of Physical Substances
(4) Affecting Enzyme Activity
(5) Affecting Ion Channels on Cell Membrane
(6) Affecting Nucleotide Acid Metabolism
(7) Affecting Immunology Function
(8) Nonspecific Action
Physical and chemical changes
Membrane stablizer
Membrane labilizer
(9) Drugs and Receptors
5. Drugs and Receptors (10min)
(1)The properties of receptors
①sensitivity;②specificity;③saturability;④(reversibility)and
⑤multiple-variation.
The concept of ligand.
6．Interaction between Receptor and Drug (receptor theory)—Occupation
theory(10min)
Affinity index pD2 = -logKD
Intrinsic activity）:α
0 ≤ α ≤100%，E/Emax = α[AR]/[RT]
The concept of spare receptors.
Two model theory
7. Agonists and antagonists(10min)
（1）Aagonist：
Full agonist: α= 1
Partial agonist(mixed agonist)：α<1
（2）Antagonist：α= 0
①Competitive antagonist
pA2 is antagonism parameter： pA2 = -log[I] = -logKI
②Noncompetitive antagonist
8. The types of receptors(10min)
(1)G protein coupling receptors
(2)Ligand gated ion channel receptors
(3)Tyrosine kinase receptors
(4)Cellular receptors
(5)Cytokine receptors
9.Intracellular Signal Transduction and the Second Messengers(5min)
(1)Cyclic adenosine-3’,5’- monophosphate(cAMP)
(2)Cyclic guanosine-3’,5’- monophosphate(cGMP)
(3)Phosphatidyl inositol: IP3, DAG
(4)Calcium ion
10. The regulation of receptor(10min)
Down-regulation and up-regulation of receptors
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1．The basic actions of drug, the therapeutic effects and the adverse drug
reactions.
2．The dose-response relationship of drug.
3．The mechanisms of drug action, interaction of drug and receptors, the types of
receptors and the second messengers.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1．Please describe the basic actions of drug, the therapeutic effects and the
adverse drug reactions.
2．Please describe the dose-response relationship of drug.
3．Please describe the mechanisms of drug action, interaction of drug and
receptors, the types of receptors and the second messengers.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology.
People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.
Chapter 18 FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION AND PRINCIPALS FOR
RATIONAL DRUG USE
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 18 FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION AND
PRINCIPALS FOR RATIONAL DRUG USE
Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 1 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
To master the principles for drug rational use
Familiarizing content and understanding content:
Familiar and understand the factors affecting pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. Factors From the Organism (10min)
(1)Physical factors: Age and sex
(2)Psychological factors
(3)Phathological factors
(4)Genetic Factors
(5)Idiosyncrasy
(6).The changes of organism to drug reaction
a. Sensitization;
b. Tachyphylaxis:ephedrine
c. Tolerance;
d. Dependence: Psychological dependence , physical dependence and drug
abuse
e. Drug resistance
2. Factors from the drug (10min)
(1) The physical and chemical properties of drug
(2)T
The Preparations and administration routes of drug
(3)Administration methods
3. Drug interactions and drug combination use (10min)
（1）Incompatibility
（2）Interaction： synergism and antagonism
4. The Principals For Drug Rational Use (20min)
(1)Exact diagnosis
(2)Choosing drug according to pharmacological theory
(3)Understanding factors affecting drug action
(4)Both etiological and symptomatic treatments are important
(5)High responsibility for patients
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis: the principles for drug rational use
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
Please describe the principles for drug rational use.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology.
People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.
Chapter19 Antineoplastic drugs
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 19 Antineoplastic drugs
Teacher: Wang Lixiang, Associate Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
1. To grasp the classification of antineoplastic drugs, the mechanism, clinical uses
and adverse reactions of antineoplastic drugs
2. To grasp the principle for the use of antineoplastic drugs
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1.
Drugs affecting nucleic acid synthesis(15min)
Methothrexate (MTX)
Mechanism: inhibit dihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), interfering synthesis of
thymidylate,purine nucleotides
Clinical uses: childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chorioepithelioma
Toxicity: myelosuppression
Fluorouracil （5-Fu）
Pyrimidine antagonists
Mechanism: convert to 5F-dUMP and inhibit thynidylate synthase,block the synthesis
of Dtmp
Clinical uses: good effect on cancer of digestive tract, breast cancer
Toxicity : myelosuppression and mucositis
Mercaptopurine （6-MP）
Mechanism: metabolized by HGPRT to thionosinate(T-IMP) and inhibit synthesis of
AMP and GMP from IMP
Clinical uses: childhood acute leukemia
Toxicity : myelosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms
Hydroyurea (Hu)
Inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
Clinical uses: chronic granulocytic leukemia
Toxicity: bone marrow depression, nausea, vomiting
Cytarabine （Ara-C ）
Ara-C →Ara-CMP →→Ara-CTP, competitively inhibit DNA polymerase
Clinical uses: acute granulocytic leukemia, mononuclearcyte leukemia
Toxicity: severe myelosuppression , nausea etc
2. Drugs destroying DNA structure and function(15min)
Alkylating agents
Cyclophosphamide (CTX)
CTX →aldophosphamide → phosphoramide mustard
Clinical uses: malignant lymphoma, acute leukemia
Toxicity: bladderitis, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression
Thiotepa( TSPA)
Clinical uses: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer etc
Toxicity: myelosuppression
Busulfan (myleran)
Good effect on chronic granulocytic leukemia
Toxicity: myelosuppression
Nitrosoureas
Drugs : carmustine(BCNU), lomustine(CCNU)
Highly lipid-soluble, can cross BBB
Treatment of brain tumor
Antitumor antibiotics
Bleomycin （BLM）
Clinical uses : treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the neck, cervix, skin,
penis ,rectum and in combination therapy for lymphomas
Toxicity: Severe: pulmonary fibrosis
Common: anorexia, alopecia, blistering and hyperkeratosis of palms
Mitomycin C
Clinical uses: adenocarcinomas of the stomach, pancreas,lung and breast
Toxicity
Severe: myelosuppression
Common: nausea, vomiting and anorexia
Cisplatin & Carbaplatin
Clinical uses:Genitourinary cancers, particular ovarian and bladder cancer
Testicular cancer: in combination with vinblastine and bleomycin
Toxicity Acute toxicity: nausea, vomiting
Renal toxicity: hydration with saline infusion & diuretics
Myelosuppression
Camptothecins
Drugs: topotecan(TPT), irinotecan(CPT-11)
Mechanism: interfere with the activity of topoisomerase Ⅰ
Clinical uses: cancer of lung, stomach, colon etc
No cross resistance with other anticancer drugs
Toxicity
Common: nausea, vomiting, alopecia
Dose-limiting effect: neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
CPT-11: diarrhea
3. Drugs interfering with transcription(20min)
Dactinomycin
Mechanism
bind tightly to double-stranded DNA through interaction between adjacent
guanine-cytosine base pair, and inhibit all forms of DNA-dependent RNA
synthesis
Clinical uses: narrow-spectrum
In combination with surgery and vincristine in the adjuvant treatment of Wilm’s
tumor
Toxicity : evident myelosuppression
Doxorubicin (ADM) & Daunorubicin(DNR)
Mechanism
Bind with high affinity to DNA through intercalation and then block the synthesis
of DNA and RNA
Clinical uses
ADM: one of the most important anticancer drugs , treatment of carcinoma of the
breast, endometrium, ovary, testicle, thyroid, lung and many sarcoma, acute
leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease
Daunorubicin: acute leukemia
Adverse reactions
Cardiac toxicity: most severe and irreversibly
Severe or total alopecia : at standard dosage
Myleosuppression : short duration and rapid recovery
4. Drugs affecting protein synthesis(20min)
Vinblastine（VLB）& vincristine（VCR ）
Mechanism of action
bind specifically to the microtubular protein tubulin in dimeric form, terminate
assembly of microtubules and result in mitotic arrest at metaphase, cause
dissolution of the mitotic spindle and finally intefere with chromosome
segregation
Clinical uses
VLB: systemic Hodgkin’s disease and other lymphoma
VCR: acute leukemia in children ( combination with predinisone)
Toxicity
VLB: nausea, vomiting, alopecia, myelosuppression
VCR: neurotoxicity , include muscle weakness, peripheral neuritis and areflexia
Taxol & taxotere
Mechanism
Enhance tubulin polymerization and promote microtubule assembly
Clinical uses:
First choice for ovarian and advanced breast cancer
Toxicity
Hypersensitivity
Peripheral neuropathy
Neutropenia , thrombocytopenia
Harringtonine & Homoharringtonine
Mechanism
Inhibit the start stage of protein synthesis, decompose the ribosome
Clinical use:
Acute granulocytic leukemia and acute mononuclear leukemia
Toxicity
Nausea, vomiting, leukopenia and heart toxicity
L-asparaginase
Mechanism
Depletion of serum asparagine and inhibit protein synthesis in neoplastic cells
Clinical uses
Childhood acute leukemia
5. Hormonal agents (10min)
Adrenal corticosteroids
Actue leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma
Predisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone
Sex hormones
Cancar of female breast, cancer of male prostate, cancer of the endometrium of
the uterus
Tamoxifen
Competitive partial agonist-inhibitor of estrogen
Extremely useful in the treatment of breast cancer
6. Principle for combination of antineoplastic drugs (10min)
according to cell proliferating kinetics
according to mechanism of the drugs
according to toxicity of the combinational drugs
according to anti-cancer spectrum
7. Toxicity of the anticancer drugs (10min)
Acute toxicity
Common toxicity
Myleosuppression, Gastrointestinal disturbance, Alopecia
Specific toxicity
Cardiac toxicity,Liver toxicity,Bladder toxicity,Neurotoxicity,Hypersensitivity
Chronic toxicity: infertility, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The classification of antineoplastic drugs ,the mechanism, clinical uses and
adverse reactions of antineoplastic drugs
2.The principle for the use of antineoplastic drugs
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the classification of antineoplastic drugs ,the mechanism, clinical
uses and adverse reactions of antineoplastic drugs
2. Please describe the principle for the use of antineoplastic drugs
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology.
People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.
Chapter20 Inflammation
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 20 Inflammation
Teacher: Zhang Jianping, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
1. To master the concept, significance and basic pathological changes of
inflammatory; familiar with local and systemic clinical manifestations of
inflammation; understand the cause and classification of the inflammation.
2. To know the hemodynamic changes of acute inflammation, the difference
between exudate and transudate; grasp the mechanism of increased vascular
permeability; familiar with the process of leukocyte infiltrates and phagocytosis, and
its mechanism; master the morphological characteristics of the inflammation cells
and significance in inflammation; grasp the concept of inflammatory mediators,
familiar with the types of inflammatory mediators and the major role in the
inflammation process; master the types of acute inflammation and pathological
features.
3. To know the basic pathological changes of the non-specific chronic inflammation;
grasp the concept, type and characteristics of granulomatous inflammation.
4. To know the outcome of acute inflammation.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
The concept of inflammation, local and systemic clinical manifestations, causes
and clinical types (60min). Basic pathological changes (alteration, exudation,
hyperplasia) of inflammation (60min). Acute inflammation and chronic
inflammation, common types, the processes and outcome of inflammation
(80min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
1. The concept, significance and basic pathological changes of inflammatory;
2. The mechanism of increased vascular permeability; the morphological
characteristics of the inflammation cells and significance in inflammation; the concept
of inflammatory mediators; the types of acute inflammation and pathological features.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Please describe the concept, significance and basic pathological changes of
inflammatory;
2. Please describe the mechanism of increased vascular permeability;
3. Please describe the morphological characteristics of the inflammation cells and
significance in inflammation;
4. Please describe the concept of inflammatory mediators;
5. Please describe the types of acute inflammation and pathological features.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.
2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.
Chapter21 Antipyretic analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Agents
Course: Human structure and function I
Teaching content: Chapter 21 Antipyretic analgesic and Anti-inflammatory
Agents
Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor
Teaching date: 2012.9-12
Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)
【Aims and requirements】
Mastery content:
To master the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action uses and side effects of
aspirin and acetaminophen.
Understanding content:
1. To understand the relationship between the synthesis of PG and the action of
analgesic-antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents.
2. To understand the characteristics of other analgesic-antipyretic and
anti-inflammatory agents.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】
1. Pharmacological effects of antipyretic-analgesic agents and anti-inflammatory.
Inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandin via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)
(20min).
2. Salicylates: aspirin: pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, clinical uses
and side effects (20min) .
3. Acetaminophen: pharmacological effects and side effects (20min).
4. The characteristics of indomethacin,ibuprofen,diclofenac,piroxicam,
phenobutazone and nabumetone (20min).
5. The characteristics of selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxibu,nimesulide etc. )
(20min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis
The pharmacological effects, mechanism of action uses and side effects of aspirin
and acetaminophen.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
Please describe the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action uses and side
effects of aspirin and acetaminophen.
【Reference teaching material】
1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology. People’s
Medical Publishing House, 2010.
2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme
Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.