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The Origins of Islam Standard 7.2.1 • Identify the physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian peninsula, its relationship to surrounding bodies of land and water, and nomadic and sedentary ways of life. Standard 7.2.2 • Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad, including Islamic teachings on the connection with Judaism and Christianity. Background Knowledge • We previously learned about Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. • Islam was developing around the same time • Based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. • Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam was based on the worship of one god. • Geography and culture of Arabia, where Islam began. The Arabian Setting • Arabia is a large peninsula more than 1,000 miles long. It is located in southwest Asia, between Mesopotamia and Africa. The Arabian Setting A Difficult Land • Arabia is nearly surrounded by water. – The Persian Gulf lies to the east, the Arabian Sea to the south, and the Red Sea to the west. • Arab sailors crossed those seas to trade with East Africa, India, and China. A Difficult Land • For most of its history, Arabians were able to avoid foreign conquest. • Harsh environments Nafud Desert – Nafud Desert • natural barrier between southwest Asia. – Rub al-Khali “Empty Quarter,” • covers much of the Arabian interior to the south. Rub al-Khali A Difficult Land • Rugged mountains along the western and southern edges of the Arabian Peninsula. – rainfall and conditions are better for settlement. • Arabia has little water and no permanent rivers. A Difficult Land • Oasis - a fertile place in the desert where a spring or well provides a water supply. A Tribal Culture • Nomadic life - people move from place to place, with no fixed home. • Sedentary life in oasis towns or trade centers. • Both organized into tribes. – loyalty was to tribe and family, not rulers. A Tribal Culture • Nomads – Bedoiuns • Herd sheep or goats • Camels for transportation • Sometimes raid other tribes for supplies A Tribal Culture • Sedentary • Farmers and traders – Farmed lands around oases – Traded in towns along routes • Mecca – Commercial center The Story of Muhammad • Mecca was a trading city, and a religious center. • Kaaba – where people worshiped the local gods. • Drew thousands of visitors Muhammad’s Early Life • Married a wealthy, widowed merchant named Khadija. • Concern with the greed, corruption, and violence in Meccan society. – traditions of honor and duty were being ignored. Muhammad’s Early Life • Muhammad retreated to a cave to pray and reflect. • The angel Gabriel appeared before him and told him to spread God’s word. The Rise of Islam • Muhammad began to preach in the streets of Mecca. – He told Arabs to worship the one true God, called Allah in Arabic, and to give up their sinful ways. – Allah was the same God who had spoken to Abraham, Jesus, and the other prophets of Judaism and Christianity. The Rise of Islam • Final prophet with the most complete version of God’s truth. • The Qur’an names this religion Islam. – Submission (to God) The Rise of Islam • Gradually, Muhammad began to win believers. They were called Muslims, or followers of Islam. • Many Arabs were hostile to Muhammad’s message, however. They began to persecute Muhammad and his followers. The Hijra “city of the prophet.” • Medina Yathrib • 275 miles • Mecca In 622, Muhammad and his followers flee The Hijra • Muhammad continued his religious teaching and became Medina’s political and military leader. – He began to lead raiding parties on Mecca and its caravan trade. The Hijra • In 628, After several key victories the Muslims attempt the return to Mecca • Treaty of Hudaybiyyah – Peace between the Muslims and the inhabitants of Mecca The Hijra • In 630, peace is broken – Muhammad returned to Mecca banned worship of the old gods and proclaimed Islam to be the religion of Arabia. • Conversions throughout the Arabian Peninsula – united under Muslim rule • Muhammad died two years later. – Islam continued to spread across the Middle East.