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Ancient Egyptian Civilization I. The Big Picture A. Other Civilizations 1. north- European people were developing islands and peninsulas across Mediterranean Sea 2. west- Africans are finding ways to survive in the Sahara desert 3. south- Nubia was thriving b/c of gold mines and trade networks 4. east- Asian communities forming in present day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq 5. each had different resources, products, ideas to share II. New Rulers In Egypt A. Egypt’s Middle Kingdom 1. 2100 B.C-1700B.C. 2. Egypt’s contact with others increased a. Pharaoh’s armies conquered Nubia and used the gold mines b. Egyptian traders increased business with western Asia i. Trade grew and people moved ii. 1650 B.C.-Hyksos challenged the pharaoh. B. War with the Hyksos 1. Rulers of Hill-Lands (Greek for Hyksos) a. For 100 years, Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt b. Used horses, chariots, strong bronze weapons, and bows and arrows to defeat Egypt c. Egypt continued to control Upper Egypt 2. Egypt Strikes Back a. Learned from Hyksos i. Copied weapons and chariots ii. Rallied behind Pharaoh Ahmose b. Egypt took back the delta c. Defeat of Hyksos marked the beginning of The New Kingdom d. Ahmose vowed to create strongest military in area III. Expansion and Trade A. Egypt as an empire 1. empire- group of lands and people ruled by one gov’t 2. Leaders win land back a. Nubia b. Present-day Israel 3. Economy of the Empire a. No longer revolved around the Nile b. Empire had other valuable resources from conquered lands B. Across Land and Sea 1. New Kingdom traders a. Spread far and wide b. Ships loaded with golden jewelry, linen cloth, and papyrus sailed from Egypt c. Ships returned with silver, timber, and wine d. Remains of oil jars and paintings from present-day Greece have been found 2. Kush- most important trading partner a. South of Egypt b. Egypt gained control when Nubia was conquered c. Gained control of rich trade routes to other African kingdoms i. Traded ebony, leopard skins, and elephant ivory (from elephant tusks) d. Owned reserves of gold, copper, and precious stones C. Hatshepsut 1. one of Egypt’s few female pharaohs 2. wife of a pharaoh and a princess 3. when he died, the only male left to become pharaoh was her 10 yr old stepson 4. She claimed he was too young and became his co-ruler D. Hatshepsut’s Trading Journey 1. 8 years into her reign 2. organized biggest trading expedition ever 3. expedition- group of people who go on a trip for a specific reason 4. goal was to trade with Punt 5. scribes, soldiers, artists, and attendants traveled east to Red Sea and south in 5 sleek ships 6. Egyptians welcomed by king and queen of Punt 7. Egypt traded jewelry, papyrus, and bronze weapons for gold, perfume, 8. ivory, leopard skins, live apes, and incense trees 9. Scribes carefully recorded exactly what was on each boat 10. several leaders from Punt also returned with them to visit Egypt 11. expedition lasted 2 years IV. Moving Ideas A. Medicine 1. doctors were priests who had studied in temple schools 2. For thousands of years priests had noted illnesses and treatments. Then, scribes wrote this info down making the first medical textbooks. B. Math and Science 1. knew a lot of math 2. knew astronomy (study of the stars)