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FRENCH REVOLUTION Government and Citizenship How important is it for citizens to follow the rules of government? Write down your answer in your notes. How do you think their location and weather played a role in the French revolution? Causes of the Revolution Long-standing resentments against the monarchy • Inequalities in society • Existing social and political structure • Called the Old Order, or ancient régime • King at the top and estates under him • King Louis XVI, shy and indecisive • At age 15 (in May 1770), Louis married the 14 year-old Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette), his second cousin once removed, in an arranged marriage. • Unpopular, self-indulgent queen, Marie-Antoinette • He became king at age 20 after his grandfather died • Rest of French society divided into three classes, called estates Marie Antoinette, the last queen of France, has been both vilified as the personification of the evils of monarchy and exalted as a pinnacle of fashion and beauty. Marie Antoinette the villain is perhaps best captured by the famous, although almost certainly apocryphal, story that, upon hearing that the people had no bread to eat, she remarked, "Let them eat cake.“ The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. It is also known as the château de Versailles The Three Estates Varied widely in what they contributed in terms of work and taxes First Estate Second Estate • Roman Catholic clergy. • Nobility • One percent of the population. • Less than 2 percent of the population. • Exempt from taxes • Paid little to no taxes. • Owned 10 percent of the land. – Collected rents and fees – Bishops and other clergy grew wealthy – Had own laws. • Controlled most of the wealth. • Held key positions – Government – Military • Lived on country estates Third Estate • Largest group—97% of the population. • Bourgeoisie—citydwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals. • Sans culottes—artisans and workers. • Peasants—poor with little hope, paid rents and fees • Could not own land. Further Causes that led to Revolution Enlightenment Ideas A Financial Crisis • Inspiring new ideas from Enlightenment philosophers. • Severe economic problems affected much of the country • Great Britain’s government limiting the king’s power. • France in debt, spending lavishly, borrowing money, and facing bankruptcy. • American colonists rebelled successfully against British king. • New ideas changed government and society in other countries. • Hailstorm and drought ruined harvest; harsh winter limited flour production. • People hungry and angry; clergy and nobility no help. Summarize What were the causes of the French Revolution? Answer(s): inequalities in society, Enlightenment ideas, poor leadership, financial crisis, hunger and cold Economic Troubles • High taxes and rising costs damage economy by 1780s fighting wars and helping the Americans. • King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance: building the Palace of Versailles. • Louis doubles nation’s debt; banks refuse to lend more money. A Weak King • Louis’s poor decisions and lack of patience add to France’s problems. • He calls Estates-General—meeting of representatives from all three estates to try and convince the classes to raise taxes and support him. First Events of the Revolution By 1789, no group happy Estates General meets • Clergy and nobility lost power to • Third Estate has the most members monarchy. but only one vote. • Bourgeoisie resented regulations. • Church and Nobles out vote 3rd Estate. • Poor worse off. King calls for the • 3rd Estate creates National First Estates general in 200 Assembly at the Tennis Court Oath. years. • Write Great a new Constitution and elect Storming of the Bastille Fear spread a democratic government. • King sent troops to Paris and • People take over the Bastille. Versailles. In case he had to use • Rumors of massacres by the king force to stay in power. move around the country. • People of Paris armed themselves. • People believed King sent foreign • Searching for weapons, a mob soldiers. stormed the Bastille. • Peasants destroyed records and • Bastille was a prison that held burned nobles’ houses as a result. those who opposed the King. Identify Cause and Effect What was the connection between the fall of the Bastille and the Great Fear? Answer(s): possible answer—After the fall of the Bastille, people were terrified that the king would punish them. Creating a New Nation Legislating New Rights Restrictions on Power • Declaration laid out “liberty, equality, fraternity”. • Louis tried to protect his throne. • Inspired by the English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers. • Prices still high; mob broke into the palace demanding bread . • Men are born equal and remain equal under the law. • The rights did not extend to women. • Angered the common people. • Royal family seized; National Assembly took bolder steps. • Passed laws against the church, clergy, and public employees. • Some outraged by actions. Formation of a New Government In 1791, the Legislative Assembly completes Constitution. Citizens gained broad voting rights, but rights were not universal. Constitution restricted power of king and ended distinctions of birth. King and queen feared they would be harmed. Only tax paying men of the age of 25 are allowed to vote. Foreign Powers End of Monarchy • Austria and Prussia warned against harming monarchs. • August 10, 1792 royal family imprisoned by mob • Austrian army defeats French • Radical faction took charge with National Convention • Financial strain of war, food shortages, and high prices • King blamed; action demanded • Monarchy abolished; France declared a republic French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians • In 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland join forces against France •National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army Sequence What steps did National and Legislative Assemblies take to create a new nation? Answer(s): National Assembly completed constitution and created Legislative Assembly; Legislative Assembly—created a new legislature, the National Convention, which abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic The Republic Section 2 Main Idea An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Reading Focus • What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics? • What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end? A Radical Government In 1792, the radical representatives were in charge of the National Convention. The constitutional monarchy came to a violent end, and France became a republic. 3 Factions • Radical Mountain • Moderate Girondins • The Plain- Sans culottes, • No group had program or plan of action • Personal rivalries Leaders • Jean Paul Marat – Sans culottes, advocate of violence. • Georges Jacques Danton – Compromiser • Robespierre – Dedicated radical Executions • King put to death by guillotine • Europeans reacted with horror – Revolution savagery condemned Robespierre Assumes Control • Maximilien Robespierre—Jacobin leader rules France for a year. • Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator. • Reign of Terror—Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents. • Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette. • 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class. Tightening Control • Committee of Public Safety set up to manage military defense. • Drafted all able-bodied men between 18 and 45 for service. • Established the Revolutionary Tribunal to protect the Revolution. Transforming Society • Leaders wanted to erase connections to old ways of life; especially religion. • Clergy members lost positions; churches closed in Paris. • Robespierre created the cult of the Supreme Being. Enthusiasm for the Revolution and REASON were the point of worship. • Metric system was introduced. Explain Why did the National Convention want to change French government and society? Answer(s): It saw the old government and systems as oppressive and it wanted to create a better society. The Reign of Terror Course of Revolution • Revolutionary leaders feared counter-revolution and took drastic actions with accusations, trials, and executions. This period was known as the Reign of Terror. An Outbreak of Civil War • Peasants, essentially conservative, only wanted an end to feudal dues. • Remaining devoutly Catholic, the Vendée region opposed the Revolution in a civil war. The government put down the counterrevolution to regain control. Accusations and Trials • Robespierre used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid the country of dissent. • It started with the Girondists, but soon anyone who had ever criticized the Revolution, or who had connections to the Old Order, was in danger. No Escape from the Terror Death by Guillotine • Most common sentence - death by guillotine • Condemned paraded through Paris in open carts • Mobs watched at scaffold; executions took less than one minute The Terror’s Victims • No one was spared • Peasants and laborers affected • Danton and Robespierre • 40,000 executed in 10 months • “Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!” After the Terror • France started over with new constitution in 1795 • Voting limited to property owners • The Directory established • High prices, bankruptcy, and citizens’ unrest continued • Power vacuum developed Summarize Why was the period of mass executions called the Reign of Terror? Answer(s): It was a period of accusations, trials, and executions that led to a wave of fear. Napoleon’s Rise to Power Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution. Opportunities for Glory • Napoleon, brilliant military leader • In charge of French interior at 26 • Invaded Italy and Egypt • Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers • Became national hero Napoleon Seizes Power • Directory weak and ineffective • Fear of royalists and of European opposition • November 1799 coup d’état • France to be led by Consulate • Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity. Summarize What events led to Napoleon’s rise to power? Answer(s): stopped royalists from regaining power, defended French interior, won battles in Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for France, covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état Emperor Napoleon Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe • Napoleon crowns himself • Submitted a plebiscite before voters • Emperor Napoleon I • Desire for empire • Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas • French expedition to Saint Dominque (Haiti today) failed. Haiti's independence ended Napoleon’s desire to have an Empire in the Americas. • Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe The Revolution’s Legacy Was the French Revolution a failure? • After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again • Citizens’ rights restricted • Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles • French Revolution changed Europe • Monarchies no longer secure • Common people learned they could change the world • Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality • Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa