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World History
Ancient Rome Study Guide
Mr. Wiggins
*The following is an itemized list of terms and topics that you should familiarize yourself with in preparation
for the test. The test will consist of questions based on class lectures and readings. Good luck!!!
Readings:
--World History—HONORS: all of Chapter 10, pages 134-141, pages 148-149
Punic Wars Reading, Byzantium Reading, and map of Roman Empire
THE RISE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC W/GEOGRAPHY OF ROME
--Natural setting of the Italian Peninsula
-Alps
-Apennines
-Amount of fertile land compared to Greece
--Early History of Rome
-Romulus & Remus
-1200 BCE: Indo-Euros. moved in
-1000 BCE: the Latins (south of Tiber River = Latium) (the original Romans!!!)
-Location of Rome = 15 miles inland on Tiber
-Latins created society based on ag.
--The Etruscans
-entered Italian peninsula in 8th cent. BCE
-lived north of Tiber R.
-6th cent. BCE = crossed Tiber R. & defeated Latins
-set up monarchy
-Where did Etruscans derive their culture from?
-contributions of
--The Greek Influence
-750-500 BCE: prd. of Greek colonization
-Syracuse (Sicily) & Naples (mainland) –independent city-states
-What did the presence of Greek culture in Italy mean for the Greeks?
--Establishing the Republic
-509 BCE: Romans overthrew the Etruscan monarchy—est. a republic
--Roman Govt.
-Senate
-Popular Assemblies (tribunes)
-the Magistrates (consuls)
--Social Structure
-patricians
-plebeians
--Plebeian Struggle for Reform
-plebeians’ advantage?
-494 BCE: Council of Plebeians (Tribal Assembly – had 10 tribunes)
-451 BCE: the Twelve Tables
--The Army
-every adult male citizen who owned property had to serve
-legions (legionaires)
--Wise Policies
-ensured loyalty of subjects by sharing citizenship (full citizenship to nearby
Italian cities & partial citizenship to more distant cities, such as the Greek
city states in Italy
-Romans made treaties of alliance w/more distant cities
--Religion
-Romans identified their gods w/those of Olympus (Greece)
--Rome Spreads its Power
-265 BCE: Romans ruled almost all of Italy
--Rome vs. Carthage
-each were aggressive & expansionistic
-Romans wanted to expand, but Carthage did not want to let Rome expand &
interfere w/their trade & markets
-fought 3 wars (264-146 BCE = the Punic Wars)
--The First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
-outcome?
--The Second Punic War (218-202 BCE)
-Hannibal & his “back door” approach
-Scipio & his strategy to defeat Hannibal/Carthage
--The Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
-Rome’s deep hatred of Carthage—burned city, enslaved 50,000, sowed fields w/
salt
--*Outcome: To the victor go the spoils (What belonged to Carthage, now belonged to
Rome—the western Med., and Greece)
-133 BCE: Rome’s supremacy in the Med. was complete
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
--Govt.
-republican govt.
-Rome governed recently-acquired territories (provinces) loosely
-people in provinces = subjects
-provinces governed by proconsul/propraetor
-publicans = collected taxes in provinces
--Economic Turmoil
-wealth gap
-latifundias
-by 100 BCE: 1/3 of pop. was enslaved
-small farmers could not compete w/latifundias
-many became urban poor – ¼ of Roman society
-Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
-Marius & Sulla
-the First Triumvirate
--Caesar in Power
-Gaul
-Caesar defeated Pompey
-46 BCE: Caesar became dictator of Rome
--Caesar’s Reforms
-What were they?
-What was the reaction of the wealthy, conservative families of Rome? Sentate?
-Cassius & Brutus
--The Second Triumvirate
-who composed this?
-how did their alliance end?
-naval battle of Actium (31 BCE)
-Augustus (“exalted one”)
--A Vast & Powerful Empire
-Pax Romana (27 BCE – 180 CE)
-prd. of peace & prosperity
--A Second Govt.
-Augustus (Rome’s first emperor)
-power of Senate?
--The Julio-Claudians
-relatives of Julius Caesar
-Tiberius
-Caligula
-Claudius
-Nero
--The Good Emperors
-Nerva
-Trajan
-Hadrian
-Antonius Pius
-Marcus Aurelias
--The Roman World
-most important industry?
-vastness of trading network
-transportation
--Slavery
-slaves = 1/3 of pop.
-worked in both city & farms
-gladiators
The Rise of Christianity w/Questions---know it!!
ROMAN SOCIETY & CULTURE
--Govt. = emperor made all policy decisions, appointed officials to run provinces
--The Provinces
-Romans constructed new cities in provinces that were smaller replicas of Rome
-had aqueducts, paved streets, sewers
--Law
-Romans modified & expanded the Twelve Tables
-strengthened the rights of Roman citizens---How?
--The Army
-Praetorian Guard
-250,000 – 300,000 at the time of Augustus’s death
-built great lines of fortifications for protection
--Living Conditions
-wealthy vs. poor ---differences in lifestyles?
--Amusements
-theater, Circus Maximus, the Colosseum
-“bread and circuses”
--The Latin Language
--Master Builders
-arch, dome, concrete
-aqueducts
--Education
-borrowed philosophy from Greeks
-Virgil (the Aeneid)
-Ovid (Amores)
-Livy (multi-volume history of Rome)
-Tacitus (Annals and Histories)
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
--Rome’s economy weakened
-inflation
-agriculture?
--Military & Economic Turmoil
-soldiers = less disciplined & loyal
-mercenaries
--Diocletian Reforms
-limited personal freedoms
-set fixed prices on goods
-doubled the size of the army
-divided the empire into West (Latin-speaking) & East (Greek-speaking)
--Constantine Moves the Capital
-restored concept of single ruler
-moved capital from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople)
--Western Empire Crumbles
-Germanic invasions
-the Huns
--Attila the Hun
--the last Roman emperor
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
--Justinian’s reign (527-565)
--Theodora
--Belisarius
--Most Byzantines spoke Greek, not Latin
--Justinian Code
--the Code
--the Digest
--the Institutes
--the Novellae
--Justinian’s building projects
--the Hagia Sophia (Solomon, I have outdone thee!)
--How did the Byzantine Empire survive for over 1,000 years?
--Political strength
--Military strength
--Economic strength
--The Church divides
--patriarch of Rome (pope) was not the patriarch of Byzantium!
--debate of icons and the iconoclasts
--importance of icons in the West?
--what is excommunication?
--relevance of 1054?
--Invasion of the Saljuq Turks
--relevance of 1453?