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Test 7: The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution Name: Test date: 17.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance—The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature. I. Italy’s Advantages a. The Renaissance i. b. Renaissance- an explosion of ii. Started in northern iii. Banking family, the Medici, ii. Scholars move to Rome after ii. Humanists studied classical iii. Wealthy merchants are also ii. Baldassare Castiglione’s ii. Expected to inspire art, ii. Painters use perspective -- a iii. The biblical David is a City-States i. In 1300s bubonic plague killed c. Merchants and the Medici i. ii. d. Artists, scholars study ruins of Classical and Worldly Values a. Classics Lead to Humanism i. b. c. d. Humanism- Patrons of the Arts i. Patron- a financial ii. Church leaders spend money The Renaissance Man i. Excels in many fields The Renaissance Woman i. III. More emphasis on Looking to Greece and Rome i. II. A wealthy merchant Upper-class, educated The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art a. Artistic Styles Change i. b. c. Artists use realistic Realistic Painting and Sculpture i. Realistic portraits of ii. Sculpture shows natural Leonardo, Renaissance Man i. Leonardo da Vinci- ii. Painted: d. Raphael Advances Realism ii. Raphael Sanzio, famous for iv. iii. Famous painting: Favorite subject: the 1 d. Anguilssola and Gentileschi i. IV. Sofonisba Anguissola: ii. Artemisia Gentileschi paints ii. Boccaccio is best known for Renaissance Writers Change Literature a. New Trends in Writing i. b. Petrarch and Boccaccio i. c. Writers use the Francesco Petrarch, Machiavelli Advises Rulers i. Niccolo Macheivelli, author of ii. The Prince examines how rulers can History makers: Niccolo Machiavelli—Inventor of Political Science- read the passage and answer the following questions. 1. According to Machiavelli, do people live “how they ought to live?” 2. What social class did Machiavelli belong to? 3. What is a republic? 4. How did Machiavelli’s ideas and actions reflect his respect for ancient Rome? 5. How did the Medici return to power? 6. What did he hope to gain in writing The Prince? 7. Which did he think was more important, to be loved or feared? 8. What does “Machiavellian” mean? 9. Why is it appropriate to call Machiavelli’s work political science? 10. What was Machiavelli’s view of human nature? 11. What happened to Machiavelli when the Medici were removed from power for the second time? 12. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s philosophy? Why or why not? If you were in a position of power, who would you model your governing style after? Why? 17.2 The Northern Renaissance—In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe. I. The Northern Renaissance Begins a. Renaissance Ideas Spread i. Spirit of Renaissance Italy iii. Merchants in northern ii. When Hundred Years’ War iv. England and France 2 II. Artistic Ideas Spread a. Renaissance Styles Migrate North i. b. German Painters i. c. III. b. i. Flanders is the artistic iii. Van Eyck’s paintings ii. Jan van Eyck, pioneer iv. Pieter Bruegel captures scenes of ii. Want to reform society and promote iii. Thomas More of England creates Northern Humanists ii. c. Criticize the Catholic Church Christian Humanists i. Disiderius Erasmus of Holland is His book, Women’s Reforms i. Christine de Pizan, ii. She promotes education, equal treatment The Elizabethan Age a. b. Queen Elizabeth I i. Renaissance spreads to England ii. Period known as Elizabethan iii. Elizabeth reigns from William Shakespeare i. Shakespeare is often regarded as iii. Plays performed ii. Born in Straford-upon- iv. Shakespeare’s works include: Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas a. Chinese Invention i. b. Around 1045 ii. It uses a separate piece of type for Gutenberg Improves the Writing Process i. ii. VI. ii. Hans Holbien the Flemish Painters i. V. Albrecht Durer’s Northern Writers Try to Reform Society a. IV. Artists, writers move to Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg iii. First book printed with moveable Printing allows for quick, The Legacy of the Renaissance a. Changes in the Arts i. Art influenced by classical iii. Art is both secular and ii. Realistic portrayals of iv. Writers use 3 v. b. Art praises individual Changes in Society i. Printing makes information ii. Illiterate people benefit by iii. Published accounts of maps and charts iv. Published legal proceedings v. Political structures and Categorizing Renaissance artists and writers: First, place the person with the correct description. Then, put the name of the artist or writer in the correct category (1 person will go under 2 categories). Anguisolla Erasmus Michelangelo Vittoria Colonna Boccaccio Gentileschi Petrarch William Shakespeare Bruegel Holbein Raphael Donatello Leonardo da Vinci Thomas More Durer Machiavelli Van Eyck 1. ____________Decameron (realistic off-color stories) 2. ____________Exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped publish The Courtier 3. ____________Letters and sonnets written in Italian 4. ____________ Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo & Juliet 5. ____________Mona Lisa, The Last Supper 6. ____________Oil painting with realistic detail (shows personality) 7. ____________Painted large groups of people during everyday life, rich colors 8. ____________Paintings of strong heroic women 9. ____________Portraits 10. ____________Portraits of famous people, The School of Athens 11. ____________Portraits with photographic detail 12. ____________Realistic sculptor in natural postures show personality 13. ____________Realistic style to paint humans, Sistine Chapel 14. ____________Religious subjects, classical myths, and landscapes, wood carvings and engravings 15. ____________The Praise of Folly 16. ____________The Prince (political guidebook-how tot gain and keep power) 17. ____________Utopia Renaissance Artists Renaissance Writers 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7. Humanists 8. 1. 9. 2. 10. 3. 4 17.3 Luther Leads the Reformation—Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches. I. Causes of the Reformation a. Church Authority Challenged i. Secularism, individualism of iii. ii. b. II. b. ii. Poorly educated Early Calls for Reform i. John Wycliff and Jan ii. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas iii. Reading religious works, Europeans The 95 Theses i. Martin Luther protests Friar iv. Luther’s theses circulate ii. Indulgence- a pardon v. Luther launches the iii. In 1517 Luther posts vi. Reformation rejects pope’s iii. All people with faith are equal, iii. Luther refuses to take back his ii. Luther and followers begin a ii. Princes crush revolt; iii. Peace of Augsburg (1555) -- each ii. Henry wants a divorce; Pope Luther’s Teachings i. People can win salvation by good works ii. Christian teachings must be based on The Responses to Luther a. The Pope’s Threat i. ii. b. c. Luther’s rights of Church Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, The Peasants’ Revolt i. d. Pope Leo X issues decree The Emperor’s Opposition i. Inspired by the Reformation, Germany at War i. ii. IV. Corrupt leaders, Luther Challenges the Church a. III. Rulers challenge Church’s Criticisms of the Catholic Church i. c. Printing press spreads Some princes side with Luther, Charles V fails to return rebellious England Becomes Protestant a. Henry VIII Wants a Son i. Henry has only daughter, needs male 5 b. The Reformation Parliament i. c. ii. Henry remarries, becomes iii. Protestantism under King Edward, ii. Anglican Church is acceptable to iii. Elizabeth’s need for money brings Henry has ___ wives and ___ children Religious turmoil follows Henry’s Elizabeth Restores Protestantism i. e. ii. Consequences of Henry’s Changes i. d. Parliament passes laws ending Henry’s second daughter, Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges i. ii. Some Protestants and Catholics Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, The Protestant Reformation-History Channel 1. In 1302, the Pope said that salvation was not possible outside the ________________________. 2. In 1309 the capital was moved from _________________ to _______________________. 3. In 1337 a war broke out between _________ and _____________ that lasted _____________________. 4. In 1347 a massive outbreak of the ______________________ killed ________________ Europeans in _________ years. 5. For the next 31 years popes at ________________ and Avignon battled for control of the Church. 6. From 1409 to 1415 __________ men struggled for power. 7. What could happen to people that spoke out against the Church? 8. How did ideas and information spread quickly during this time? 9. Martin Luther worked as a professor of __________________. 10. On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his _________________ on a church door. 11. What are indulgences? 12. Originally, how were indulgences achieved? 13. During Luther’s time, how were indulgences achieved? 14. On January 3, 1521, Luther was ______________________ from the Church. 15. On April 17, 1521, Luther was told he must _______________ or take back his statements against the Church. 16. What did Luther do while he was in hiding? 17. During the time of the Reformation, _________________ saw this as an opportunity to revolt. 18. What is predestination? 19. What could Calvinists in Geneva be punished for? 20. Why did the break in the Church occur in England? 21. In 1534, Henry VIII declared himself ___________________ of the Church of England. 22. In 1536, Henry abolished all English __________________. 23. The final decision made at the Council of Trent was that the Church would yield to ___________________. 24. At the end of the 1500’s, tension between the Catholics and Protestants led to full blown _____________________. 17.4 The Reformation Continues—As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms. I. Calvin Continues the Reformation a. Religious Reform in Switzerland i. b. Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli calls ii. War breaks out between Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas i. John Calvin writes 6 1. ii. c. II. 2. God chooses who will be Calvinism- religion based on Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland i. d. we are sinful by nature and Calvin says ideal government is ii. Geneva becomes a strict Protestant iii. Catholics massacre Huguenots in Calvinism Spreads i. John Knox brings Calvinsim ii. Calvin’s followers in France are called Other Protestant Reformers a. The Anabaptists i. Anabaptists believe in separation of ii. Forerunners of III. The Catholic Reformation b. A Counter Reformation i. c. Counter Reformation- Ignatius of Loyola i. Leading Catholic iii. ii. Jesuits follow Ignatius, Pope creates Society of Jesus religious order, c. Reforming Popes III. iv. Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms v. Paul III calls 1. Church’s interpretation of 3. Bible and Church traditions 2. Christians need 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of vi. Use Inquisition to seek out vii. Paul IV issues The Legacy of the Reformation a. b. Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation i. Catholic Church is ii. Catholics and Protestants create Political Effects of the Reformation i. Catholic Church’s power lessens, iii. ii. Late 18th century sees a new Reformation’s questioning of beliefs 7 PROTESTANT REFORMATION 8 CATHOLIC REFORMATION 9 “THE MASTERS OF ILLUSION” (Questions begin after the title appears on the screen.) 1. The city of ____________________________________ was central to Renaissance art and learning. 2. Brunelleschi was the architect who provided the scientific basis for _____________________ __________________. 3. Giotto is known as the “_________________________________________________________.” 4. Masaccio used ______ dimension ______________ and ______________ ___________ in his painting The Trinity. 5. Piero la Francesca, a ______________ and _____________ used _______________ to achieve depth in his paintings. 6. The ____________________________ artist Albrecht Durer is known for his __________________ and woodcuts. Durer strove to bring Italian artistic ideas to _______________________ Europe. 7. Another technique used to demonstrate depth during the Renaissance is multiple ____________ ________ perspective. 8. List four subjects that Leonardo da Vinci studied. 1. 3. 5. 2. 4. 6. 9. Da Vinci was particularly fascinated with the human ______________________________. 10. The Renaissance artist Montaigne used a special technique known as ________________ _____ ______________. 11. The figures painted by ________________________ on the _____________________ of the Sistine Chapel have been described as ________________________ and larger than life. 12. _____________________, the final master of the High Renaissance, included three major artists within his painting “______ ____________ ____ ___________”. They were: ____________________, _________________, and _____________________, as the Greek philosopher _____________________. Summary Question: 13. How does art of the Renaissance differ from art of the Middle Ages? 10 22.1 The Scientific Revolution Identify the following scientists and their achievements. Draw a picture/diagram/symbol for each. Frances Bacon- Robert Boyle- Nicolas Copernicus- Rene Descartes- Galileo Galilei- Johannes Kepler- Isaac Newton- Three Theories of the Solar System—read the paragraphs below and study the illustrations. Then, answer the questions on the next page. In the second century A.D., Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer who lived in Egypt, claimed that the sun, stars, and other planets revolved around the Earth. These ideas were unchallenged nearly 1,300 years until Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, discovered his revolutionary theory about the sun. Ptolemy had believed in his geocentric or earth-centered view for several reasons. First, because of gravity all objects were attracted to the Earth, which suggested to him that the Earth must be the center. Second, he thought that the Earth did not move. He showed how an object is thrown in the air and falls in practically the same place. If the Earth moved, he theorized, that object should fall in a different place. Even today, these arguments would be difficult to disprove by observation. As a result, Ptolemy’s views remained undisputed for centuries. During the 1500s, Copernicus did not accept the Ptolemaic view. He became convinced that a different explanation of the solar system existed. After 25 years of observation, Copernicus concluded that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the planets, including the Earth, revolved around the sun in “perfect divine circles.” Copernicus’ conclusion at first went practically unnoticed. However, in the 1600s a German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, supported Copernicus’ belief with mathematics. He also proved that the planets travel in ellipses (ovals) not perfect circles, around the sun. Both Copernicus’ and Kepler’s breakthroughs laid the foundation of modern day knowledge of the solar system. Insert picture 11 1. What object did Ptolemy claim was the center of the universe? 2. What object did Copernicus conclude was actually at the center of the universe? 4. What object is closest to the Earth in all 3 systems? 5. According to Ptolemy, where was the sun in relation to Earth and the other planets? 6. According to Copernicus, what planets are located between the sun and the Earth? 7. What is the main difference between Kepler’s system and the Copernican system? 8. Compare the way Ptolemy provided proof for his theory with the way Kepler provided proof for his theory. 9. Do you think Ptolemy’s proof of his beliefs would be acceptable today? Why or why not? Study Guide SSWH9 The student will analyze the change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli. b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, "the Renaissance Man," and Michelangelo. c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism including the ideas of Petrarch, Dante and Erasmus. d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation including the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin. e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits. f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press. SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social and economic factors which changed the world view of Europeans. a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view. 17.1 Why did it start in Italy? The Reformation Approximate dates Pope Leo X Medici family Charles V/Edict of Worms Humanism Lutherans Patron Protestant Leonardo da Vinci Peace of Augsburg Raphael Henry VIII Sofonisba Anguissola Vernacular 17.4 John Calvin/Institutes of the Christian Religion Petrarch Predestination Machiavelli/The Prince Calvinism John Knox/Presbyterians 17.2 Christian Humanism Huguenots Erasmus/The Praise of Folly Anabaptists Thomas More/Utopia Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) Queen Elizabeth I Ignatius/Spiritual Exercises /Jesuits William Shakespeare Pope Paul III/Pope Paul IV/Council of Trent Gutenberg/Printing press Legacy of the Renaissance (changes in art and society) 22.1 Scientific Revolution Nicolas Copernicus /Heliocentric theory 17.3 Criticism of the Catholic Church Johannes Kepler Martin Luther Galileo Galilei Indulgence Isaac Newton /Law of Gravity 95 Theses 12 13