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Test 7: The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution
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17.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance—The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature.
I.
Italy’s Advantages
a.
The Renaissance
i.
b.
Renaissance- an explosion of
ii.
Started in northern
iii.
Banking family, the Medici,
ii.
Scholars move to Rome after
ii.
Humanists studied classical
iii.
Wealthy merchants are also
ii.
Baldassare Castiglione’s
ii.
Expected to inspire art,
ii.
Painters use perspective -- a
iii.
The biblical David is a
City-States
i. In 1300s bubonic plague killed
c.
Merchants and the Medici
i.
ii.
d.
Artists, scholars study ruins of
Classical and Worldly Values
a.
Classics Lead to Humanism
i.
b.
c.
d.
Humanism-
Patrons of the Arts
i.
Patron- a financial
ii.
Church leaders spend money
The Renaissance Man
i.
Excels in many fields
The Renaissance Woman
i.
III.
More emphasis on
Looking to Greece and Rome
i.
II.
A wealthy merchant
Upper-class, educated
The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
a.
Artistic Styles Change
i.
b.
c.
Artists use realistic
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
i.
Realistic portraits of
ii.
Sculpture shows natural
Leonardo, Renaissance Man
i.
Leonardo da Vinci-
ii. Painted:
d. Raphael Advances Realism
ii.
Raphael Sanzio, famous for
iv.
iii.
Famous painting:
Favorite subject: the
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d.
Anguilssola and Gentileschi
i.
IV.
Sofonisba Anguissola:
ii.
Artemisia Gentileschi paints
ii.
Boccaccio is best known for
Renaissance Writers Change Literature
a.
New Trends in Writing
i.
b.
Petrarch and Boccaccio
i.
c.
Writers use the
Francesco Petrarch,
Machiavelli Advises Rulers
i.
Niccolo Macheivelli, author of
ii. The Prince examines how rulers can
History makers: Niccolo Machiavelli—Inventor of Political Science- read the passage and answer the following questions.
1.
According to Machiavelli, do people live “how they ought to live?”
2.
What social class did Machiavelli belong to?
3.
What is a republic?
4.
How did Machiavelli’s ideas and actions reflect his respect for ancient Rome?
5.
How did the Medici return to power?
6.
What did he hope to gain in writing The Prince?
7.
Which did he think was more important, to be loved or feared?
8.
What does “Machiavellian” mean?
9.
Why is it appropriate to call Machiavelli’s work political science?
10. What was Machiavelli’s view of human nature?
11. What happened to Machiavelli when the Medici were removed from power for the second time?
12. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s philosophy? Why or why not? If you were in a position of power, who would you model your governing
style after? Why?
17.2 The Northern Renaissance—In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe.
I.
The Northern Renaissance Begins
a.
Renaissance Ideas Spread
i.
Spirit of Renaissance Italy
iii. Merchants in northern
ii.
When Hundred Years’ War
iv. England and France
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II.
Artistic Ideas Spread
a.
Renaissance Styles Migrate North
i.
b.
German Painters
i.
c.
III.
b.
i.
Flanders is the artistic
iii.
Van Eyck’s paintings
ii.
Jan van Eyck, pioneer
iv.
Pieter Bruegel captures scenes of
ii.
Want to reform society and promote
iii.
Thomas More of England creates
Northern Humanists
ii.
c.
Criticize the Catholic Church
Christian Humanists
i.
Disiderius Erasmus of Holland is
His book,
Women’s Reforms
i.
Christine de Pizan,
ii. She promotes education, equal treatment
The Elizabethan Age
a.
b.
Queen Elizabeth I
i.
Renaissance spreads to England
ii.
Period known as Elizabethan
iii.
Elizabeth reigns from
William Shakespeare
i.
Shakespeare is often regarded as
iii.
Plays performed
ii.
Born in Straford-upon-
iv.
Shakespeare’s works include:
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
a.
Chinese Invention
i.
b.
Around 1045
ii. It uses a separate piece of type for
Gutenberg Improves the Writing Process
i.
ii.
VI.
ii. Hans Holbien the
Flemish Painters
i.
V.
Albrecht Durer’s
Northern Writers Try to Reform Society
a.
IV.
Artists, writers move to
Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg
iii.
First book printed with moveable
Printing allows for quick,
The Legacy of the Renaissance
a.
Changes in the Arts
i.
Art influenced by classical
iii.
Art is both secular and
ii.
Realistic portrayals of
iv.
Writers use
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v.
b.
Art praises individual
Changes in Society
i.
Printing makes information
ii.
Illiterate people benefit by
iii.
Published accounts of maps and charts
iv.
Published legal proceedings
v.
Political structures and
Categorizing Renaissance artists and writers: First, place the person with the correct description. Then, put the name of the artist or writer in the
correct category (1 person will go under 2 categories).
Anguisolla
Erasmus
Michelangelo
Vittoria Colonna
Boccaccio
Gentileschi
Petrarch
William Shakespeare
Bruegel
Holbein
Raphael
Donatello
Leonardo da Vinci
Thomas More
Durer
Machiavelli
Van Eyck
1.
____________Decameron (realistic off-color stories)
2.
____________Exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped publish The Courtier
3.
____________Letters and sonnets written in Italian
4.
____________ Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo & Juliet
5.
____________Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
6.
____________Oil painting with realistic detail (shows personality)
7.
____________Painted large groups of people during everyday life, rich colors
8.
____________Paintings of strong heroic women
9.
____________Portraits
10. ____________Portraits of famous people, The School of Athens
11. ____________Portraits with photographic detail
12. ____________Realistic sculptor in natural postures show personality
13. ____________Realistic style to paint humans, Sistine Chapel
14. ____________Religious subjects, classical myths, and landscapes, wood carvings and engravings
15. ____________The Praise of Folly
16. ____________The Prince (political guidebook-how tot gain and keep power)
17. ____________Utopia
Renaissance Artists
Renaissance Writers
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
7.
Humanists
8.
1.
9.
2.
10.
3.
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17.3 Luther Leads the Reformation—Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches.
I.
Causes of the Reformation
a.
Church Authority Challenged
i.
Secularism, individualism of
iii.
ii.
b.
II.
b.
ii. Poorly educated
Early Calls for Reform
i.
John Wycliff and Jan
ii.
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas
iii.
Reading religious works, Europeans
The 95 Theses
i.
Martin Luther protests Friar
iv.
Luther’s theses circulate
ii.
Indulgence- a pardon
v.
Luther launches the
iii.
In 1517 Luther posts
vi.
Reformation rejects pope’s
iii.
All people with faith are equal,
iii.
Luther refuses to take back his
ii.
Luther and followers begin a
ii.
Princes crush revolt;
iii.
Peace of Augsburg (1555) -- each
ii.
Henry wants a divorce; Pope
Luther’s Teachings
i.
People can win salvation by good works
ii.
Christian teachings must be based on
The Responses to Luther
a.
The Pope’s Threat
i.
ii.
b.
c.
Luther’s rights of Church
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor,
The Peasants’ Revolt
i.
d.
Pope Leo X issues decree
The Emperor’s Opposition
i.
Inspired by the Reformation,
Germany at War
i.
ii.
IV.
Corrupt leaders,
Luther Challenges the Church
a.
III.
Rulers challenge Church’s
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
i.
c.
Printing press spreads
Some princes side with Luther,
Charles V fails to return rebellious
England Becomes Protestant
a.
Henry VIII Wants a Son
i.
Henry has only daughter, needs male
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b.
The Reformation Parliament
i.
c.
ii.
Henry remarries, becomes
iii.
Protestantism under King Edward,
ii.
Anglican Church is acceptable to
iii.
Elizabeth’s need for money brings
Henry has ___ wives and ___ children
Religious turmoil follows Henry’s
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
i.
e.
ii.
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
i.
d.
Parliament passes laws ending
Henry’s second daughter,
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
i.
ii.
Some Protestants and Catholics
Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain,
The Protestant Reformation-History Channel
1.
In 1302, the Pope said that salvation was not possible outside the ________________________.
2.
In 1309 the capital was moved from _________________ to _______________________.
3.
In 1337 a war broke out between _________ and _____________ that lasted _____________________.
4.
In 1347 a massive outbreak of the ______________________ killed ________________ Europeans in _________ years.
5.
For the next 31 years popes at ________________ and Avignon battled for control of the Church.
6.
From 1409 to 1415 __________ men struggled for power.
7.
What could happen to people that spoke out against the Church?
8.
How did ideas and information spread quickly during this time?
9.
Martin Luther worked as a professor of __________________.
10. On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his _________________ on a church door.
11. What are indulgences?
12. Originally, how were indulgences achieved?
13. During Luther’s time, how were indulgences achieved?
14. On January 3, 1521, Luther was ______________________ from the Church.
15. On April 17, 1521, Luther was told he must _______________ or take back his statements against the Church.
16. What did Luther do while he was in hiding?
17. During the time of the Reformation, _________________ saw this as an opportunity to revolt.
18. What is predestination?
19. What could Calvinists in Geneva be punished for?
20. Why did the break in the Church occur in England?
21. In 1534, Henry VIII declared himself ___________________ of the Church of England.
22. In 1536, Henry abolished all English __________________.
23. The final decision made at the Council of Trent was that the Church would yield to ___________________.
24. At the end of the 1500’s, tension between the Catholics and Protestants led to full blown _____________________.
17.4 The Reformation Continues—As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms.
I.
Calvin Continues the Reformation
a.
Religious Reform in Switzerland
i.
b.
Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli calls
ii. War breaks out between
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
i.
John Calvin writes
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1.
ii.
c.
II.
2.
God chooses who will be
Calvinism- religion based on
Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
i.
d.
we are sinful by nature and
Calvin says ideal government is
ii.
Geneva becomes a strict Protestant
iii.
Catholics massacre Huguenots in
Calvinism Spreads
i.
John Knox brings Calvinsim
ii.
Calvin’s followers in France are called
Other Protestant Reformers
a.
The Anabaptists
i.
Anabaptists believe in separation of
ii. Forerunners of
III. The Catholic Reformation
b.
A Counter Reformation
i.
c.
Counter Reformation-
Ignatius of Loyola
i.
Leading Catholic
iii.
ii.
Jesuits follow Ignatius,
Pope creates Society of Jesus
religious order,
c. Reforming Popes
III.
iv.
Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms
v.
Paul III calls
1.
Church’s interpretation of
3. Bible and Church traditions
2.
Christians need
4. Indulgences are valid expressions of
vi.
Use Inquisition to seek out
vii.
Paul IV issues
The Legacy of the Reformation
a.
b.
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
i.
Catholic Church is
ii.
Catholics and Protestants create
Political Effects of the Reformation
i.
Catholic Church’s power lessens,
iii.
ii.
Late 18th century sees a new
Reformation’s questioning of beliefs
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PROTESTANT REFORMATION
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CATHOLIC REFORMATION
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“THE MASTERS OF ILLUSION”
(Questions begin after the title appears on the screen.)
1.
The city of ____________________________________ was central to Renaissance art and learning.
2.
Brunelleschi was the architect who provided the scientific basis for _____________________ __________________.
3.
Giotto is known as the “_________________________________________________________.”
4.
Masaccio used ______ dimension ______________ and ______________ ___________ in his painting The Trinity.
5.
Piero la Francesca, a ______________ and _____________ used _______________ to achieve depth in his paintings.
6.
The ____________________________ artist Albrecht Durer is known for his __________________ and woodcuts. Durer strove
to bring Italian artistic ideas to _______________________ Europe.
7.
Another technique used to demonstrate depth during the Renaissance is multiple ____________ ________ perspective.
8.
List four subjects that Leonardo da Vinci studied.
1.
3.
5.
2.
4.
6.
9.
Da Vinci was particularly fascinated with the human ______________________________.
10. The Renaissance artist Montaigne used a special technique known as ________________ _____ ______________.
11. The figures painted by ________________________ on the _____________________ of the Sistine Chapel have been described
as ________________________ and larger than life.
12. _____________________, the final master of the High Renaissance, included three major artists within his painting “______
____________ ____ ___________”. They were: ____________________, _________________, and
_____________________, as the Greek philosopher _____________________.
Summary Question:
13. How does art of the Renaissance differ from art of the Middle Ages?
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22.1 The Scientific Revolution
Identify the following scientists and their achievements. Draw a picture/diagram/symbol for each.
Frances Bacon-
Robert Boyle-
Nicolas Copernicus-
Rene Descartes-
Galileo Galilei-
Johannes Kepler-
Isaac Newton-
Three Theories of the Solar System—read the paragraphs below and study the illustrations. Then, answer the questions on the next page.
In the second century A.D., Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer who lived in Egypt, claimed that the sun, stars, and other planets revolved
around the Earth. These ideas were unchallenged nearly 1,300 years until Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, discovered his
revolutionary theory about the sun.
Ptolemy had believed in his geocentric or earth-centered view for several reasons. First, because of gravity all objects were attracted to
the Earth, which suggested to him that the Earth must be the center. Second, he thought that the Earth did not move. He showed how an object
is thrown in the air and falls in practically the same place. If the Earth moved, he theorized, that object should fall in a different place. Even today,
these arguments would be difficult to disprove by observation. As a result, Ptolemy’s views remained undisputed for centuries.
During the 1500s, Copernicus did not accept the Ptolemaic view. He became convinced that a different explanation of the solar system
existed. After 25 years of observation, Copernicus concluded that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the planets, including the
Earth, revolved around the sun in “perfect divine circles.”
Copernicus’ conclusion at first went practically unnoticed. However, in the 1600s a German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, supported
Copernicus’ belief with mathematics. He also proved that the planets travel in ellipses (ovals) not perfect circles, around the sun. Both
Copernicus’ and Kepler’s breakthroughs laid the foundation of modern day knowledge of the solar system.
Insert picture
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1. What object did Ptolemy claim was the center of the universe?
2. What object did Copernicus conclude was actually at the center of the universe?
4. What object is closest to the Earth in all 3 systems?
5. According to Ptolemy, where was the sun in relation to Earth and the other planets?
6. According to Copernicus, what planets are located between the sun and the Earth?
7. What is the main difference between Kepler’s system and the Copernican system?
8. Compare the way Ptolemy provided proof for his theory with the way Kepler provided proof for his theory.
9. Do you think Ptolemy’s proof of his beliefs would be acceptable today? Why or why not?
Study Guide
SSWH9 The student will analyze the change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.
a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.
b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, "the Renaissance Man," and Michelangelo.
c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism including the ideas of Petrarch, Dante and Erasmus.
d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation including the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin.
e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press.
SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social and economic factors which changed the world view of Europeans.
a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view.
17.1 Why did it start in Italy?
The Reformation
Approximate dates
Pope Leo X
Medici family
Charles V/Edict of Worms
Humanism
Lutherans
Patron
Protestant
Leonardo da Vinci
Peace of Augsburg
Raphael
Henry VIII
Sofonisba Anguissola
Vernacular
17.4 John Calvin/Institutes of the Christian Religion
Petrarch
Predestination
Machiavelli/The Prince
Calvinism
John Knox/Presbyterians
17.2 Christian Humanism
Huguenots
Erasmus/The Praise of Folly
Anabaptists
Thomas More/Utopia
Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Queen Elizabeth I
Ignatius/Spiritual Exercises /Jesuits
William Shakespeare
Pope Paul III/Pope Paul IV/Council of Trent
Gutenberg/Printing press
Legacy of the Renaissance (changes in art and society)
22.1 Scientific Revolution
Nicolas Copernicus /Heliocentric theory
17.3 Criticism of the Catholic Church
Johannes Kepler
Martin Luther
Galileo Galilei
Indulgence
Isaac Newton /Law of Gravity
95 Theses
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