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IV. LESSON 4 [Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87)] A. Pure Substances and Mixtures 1. _______ matter is composed of particles called ___________ 2. Atoms form ______________ and come together in different ways to form _________________ and __________________ 3. ______ _____________ unit of an ___________ and maintain the ______________ of that element 4. ____________ ___________ unit of a ___________; maintaining _____________ of the compound 5. ______________ matter that is composed of one kind of ________ (e.g. sulfur [__]; carbon [__]) a. each ___________ has its own ____________________ chemical and _____________ properties *b. elements can _____ be ___________ down into other substances by any ______________ means c. some ___________ exists in elemental form [(e.g.) gold [___] = not chemically ____________)] *d. ____________ individually or combined form everything in the universe including __________ *1. Human body’s most abundant ___________: carbon [__], oxygen [__], hydrogen [__], and nitrogen [__]; for teeth & _________ = calcium [___] and phosphorus [__]; for taste buds = zinc [___]; for nervous system = copper [___]; for blood = iron [___] *e. There are currently ____ known _____________ and ___ are found in nature, while the others are ______________________ (man-made), but we only use between ___-___ elements daily *1. The discovery of all the ________________ to date has taken ________________ of years *2. In ancient times, it was believed there were “__” ______________: water, air, land, fire *f. The chemical symbol of an ______________ is a shorthand form of the element’s ________ *1. The chemical ____________ always ________ with a __________ letter, with any other letter(s) written in their ______________-________ form *a. (e.g.) sulfur [__]; iodine [__]; fluorine [__]; helium [___]; gallium [___] *2. Some elements’ ____________ symbols are based on their Latin, Greek or Arabic name *a. (e.g.) gold [___]; silver [___]; mercury [___]; tin [___]; lead [___] 6. _____________ substance composed of two or more kinds of _______ that has been ____________ combined (e.g. sodium chloride [______]; hydrogen peroxide [______]; iron oxide [______]) a. every _________________ has its own distinct _________________ 1. the ________________ of a compound differ from the ________________ of the individual ________________ making up the __________________ a. (e.g.) sodium [___] and chlorine [___] individually have totally _______________ properties compared to the _________________ sodium chloride [______] b. ___________ matter on Earth exists in the form of a __________________ *c. When a _______________ forms, it _________ contains the _______ elements and the _______ number of atoms per ________________ in exactly the __________ ratio *1. _________ = is always composed of the _____________ hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:1 ratio of atoms respectively ________ *2. ____________ ____________ = is always composed of the ____________ hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:2 ratio of atoms respectively ________ *d. A chemical formula is a chemical abbreviation for writing a ________________ *1. A formula includes: _____________ symbols of the ___________ and numbers written as subscripts to show the ratio of _________ per _____________ *a. If an __________ has ____ subscript, the _____________ is understood to be “__” *b. (e.g.) carbon monoxide [___]; carbon dioxide [______]; ammonia [______] *e. Examples of __________________: *1. Table salt = ________ [sodium, chlorine w/1:1 atom ratio] *2. Sand = _________ [silicon, oxygen w/1:2 atom ratio] *3. Table sugar = ______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/12:22:11 atom ratio] *4. Glucose = ______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/6:12:6 atom ratio] *5. Chalk = _______________ [calcium, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:3 atom ratio] *6. Iron oxide (rust) = _____________ [iron, oxygen w/2:3 atom ratio] *7. Baking soda = ____________ [sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:1:3 atom ratio] *f. ______________ can be broken down, but because the elements were _______________ joined together, a _______________ process is necessary to __________________ them. *1. Heating breaks down some _________________: iron separated from oxygen (e.g.) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C (are heated) 4 Fe + 3 CO2 (the _____ [Fe] is _________________) *2. Electrolysis is an _____________ current passed through some ______________ to break them down: water is broken down into _____________ gas [H2] and _________ gas [O2] (e.g.) 2 H2O (electricity is added) 2 H2 + O2 (the ____________ [H] and _________ [O] are _________________) *3. Some _______________ are so ______________ that they break down without the use of _________ or ______________________ *a. ________ acts as a catalyst (something that ________ up a reaction) and is all that is needed to break down an ___________ compound: hydrogen peroxide [_____] is broken down into _________ [______] and ______________ gas [O2] (e.g.) 2 H2O2 (exposed to light) 2 H2O + O2 (________________ into water and oxygen) 7. ______________ is matter that has been _________ or blended together ______________, but ____ __________________ combined a. since _______________ are _____ ________________ joined together, each substance retains its ________________ and ___________________ properties *b. ______________, however, do ____ require a specific __________ of substances *1. Sugar water = is composed of the ___________ (substance being dissolved) sugar and the _______________ (substance doing the dissolving) water *a. Add more sugar (____________), the solution becomes _____________________ *b. Add _______ sugar (____________), the solution becomes _____________ B. Pure Substances: _____________ and ___________________ 1. Two types of _______ substances: ____________ (e.g.) potassium [___]; aluminum [____]; sodium [____] _____________ (e.g.) _____ [NaCl]; glucose [_________]; _______ __________ [C12H22O11] 2. Pure substances have definite ___________________ physical and chemical _______________ a. Properties of _____ substances remain consistent because the most basic particles (_______ and ___________) making up each substance are ____________ [(e.g.) copper [___]; water [_____]] 3. _____________ bonds (ionic and covalent bonds) are __________ that hold the _______ together that form _______________ and can only be broken by a _____________ change (electrolysis, heat, light) 4. Classifications of _________ substances are according to their _________________ a. _____________ are classified into __ groups: _________, _______________ and ____________ *1. ____________ (metallic) have the following __________________: *a. __________ the amount of _________ or brightness (e.g.) chromium [___] *b. _______________ able to be hammered, rolled, or shaped without ___________ (e.g.) copper (___); gold [___]; aluminum [___] *c. __________ able to be drawn into a _____ (e.g.) tungsten [__]; platinum [__] *d. Good ______________ of _______ items made from these elements heat quickly and distribute the heat evenly (e.g.) iron [___]; aluminum [___] *e. Good ______________ of ______________ metals through which electrons move freely forming ____________ currents (e.g.) gold [__]; copper [__]; tungsten [__] *f. ______ of ________ at room temperature (25o C) most metals are a _______ at room temp; except mercury [__]; copernicium [__], which are __________ at 25o C *g. Some __________ exist for a short period of time in pure form (e.g.) francium [___] *2. ___________________ (non-metallic) elements’ _________________: *a. ________ of _________ at room temperature (____) nonmetals are a ______ or ______ at room temperature, except bromine [__], only _______ non-metal at 25o C *1. Nonmetals have “____________” properties of metals: low or no ________, poor conductors of _______ /electricity, and not ductile or ______________ *3. ________________, the “6” elements that _____________ between the ___________ and _____________, having properties “___________” those of ________ and _____________ *a. Common metalloids: *1. silicon [__] – combined with oxygen forming sand [_____], glass and cement *2. boron [__] – is used in _________________ solutions *3. arsenic [___] – is a ______________ *b. Metalloids ____________ electricity ______ efficiently than ________, but ______ efficiently than ___________________ *1. silicon [___] and germanium [___] – are used as semi-conductors to make computer chips, transistors, and ___________ *c. Two other _______________ are: ____________ [Sb] and _______________ [Te] *d. ______________ [Al] although it borders the line that _____________ the metallic from the non-metallic _______________; it is definitely a ____________ *e. ___________ [At] and ______________ [Po] also border the zigzag line, but are still being debated as to whether they are _________________ b. ________________ can be classified as a ________, ________, or ________________ substance based on their “pH” value (determined using a ______________ indicator): ________ have a pH value _________ “7”; (e.g.) vinegar [CH3COOH]; litmus turns _____ _______ have a pH value ________ “7”; (e.g.) baking soda [NaHCO3]; litmus turns ____ _______ substances’ ___ value is “__”; (e.g.) distilled water [___]; litmus _____ change c. ________________ can also be classified as ____________ or _________________ 1. _________ compounds have chemical bonds between carbon [__] & hydrogen [__] atoms a. ___________ compounds made from __________ matter are called ______________ 1. Four categories of ____________________: a. ___________________: a macronutrient and source of _________ (e.g.) sugar, starch, fiber b. _____________: a macronutrient that stores __________ energy and forms _____ membranes (e.g.) __________, oil, wax c. __________: a macronutrient that regulates body ____________ activities; builds and _________ cellular structures d. _________ ______: contain genetic information (e.g.) _____ and RNA; build ____________ C. Mixtures 1. ___________ consists of _____ or more substances that are _______ / _________ together, but do ____ react ______________ to form a _____ substance, instead keeping their original ____________ 2. Mixtures are not _________ substances 3. Components of a ____________ are ____ all ____________ and do ____ have __________ properties because they do _____ have a defined _______________ makeup 4. Mixtures can be _______________ by ______________ means which depends on their physical and chemical ____________________ *a. Methods used to separate the substances of ____________________ are: _____________ separation the substances (e.g. remove mushroom topping from pizza) __________________ various sized particles (e.g. sifting dirt particles) __________________ force of attraction or repulsion between ___________ materials *1. (e.g.) iron [___ – most _____________ element ] nails from aluminum [__] nails) _______________ can separate substances ________________ (e.g. sand in water) *1. ___________________ machine (e.g. separates parts of ____________) ___________________ is the process of _______________ away water or letting water ___________________ (the 2 forms of vaporization) from a ______________, leaving the _____________ that was _________________ as a residue 5. ________________ are classified into two types: _________________ and _____________________ a. _________________ the substances are _________ dispersed throughout the ____________ due to the ___________________ (going from areas of ______ concentration to areas of _____ concentration) of the particles throughout the mixture 1. Particles are extremely ________; they will _____ settle out; ___________ stay ________ 2. ____________ homogeneous mixture where one substance is ___________ in another *a. Types of _________________: *1. the most common ________________ is a _________ dissolved in a _______ *a. (e.g.) ___________ (solute – the substance being dissolved) and water (solvent – the substance that dissolves other materials) *2. one ____________ dissolved in another ____________ *a. (e.g.) Ethylene glycol (solute) and ___________ (solvent) to make _____________ (___________ pt = -13o C; ___________ pt = 176 o C) *3. a _________ dissolved in a _____________ *a. (e.g.) __________ ___________ gas (solute) and soda (solvent) to make a carbonated soft drink *4. a _________dissolved in another __________ *a. (e.g.) _____ is a mixture of nitrogen [__] (solvent), oxygen [__], argon [___] and carbon dioxide [______] (solutes) *b. __________ are solid ______________ of metals ______________ in other metals and non-metals dissolved in _______________ *1. Steel is a ____________ of metal iron [___] and non-metal carbon [__]; exceptionally strong *2. Bronze is a ______________ of metal copper [___] and metal tin [___]; earliest of the alloys *3. Brass is a ______________ of metal copper [___] and metal zinc [___]; very malleable *4. Sterling silver is a ____________ of metal silver [___] and metal copper [___]; harder and does _____ tarnish like pure silver [___] *5. Solder is a _____________ of metal tin [___] and metal lead [___]; ____ ____________ point and is used to join _________ together *6. Wood’s metal is a __________ of metal bismuth [___], metal lead [__], metal tin [___], and metal cadmium [___]; used in sprinkler systems in buildings *c. Concentration is a way to describe a ____________ because different amounts of ___________ can be ________________ in different amounts of ____________ *1. _____________ are solutions with a __________ amount of ___________ *a. (e.g.) “___________” tea (lighter in ___________; weaker _______) *2. ___________________ are solutions with a _______ amount of ________ *a. (e.g.) “_________” tea (___________ in color; _____________ taste) *d. Solubility is a ______________ of how well a __________ can ____________ in a ____________ at a given _____________________ *1. _______________ ____________ that will dissolve in a ______________ *2. _______________ __________ that will ____ dissolve in a ____________ *3. _______________ are solutions with so much ___________ that no more will __________________ *4. _______________ are solutions where _________ solute will continue to _______________ when added to the ______________ *5. _______________________ are solutions containing more ____________ than the __________ at a given temperature can __________ *6. For many solids, solubility __________ as the temperatures ______, because a solid’s particles move __________ and spread _____________ apart allowing more room in the ______________ for ________ dissolved particles *a. (e.g.) Potassium nitrate [__NO3] and ______________ chloride [KCl] *7. For many gases, an ____________ in temperature ____________ the solubility of a gas in a liquid, because the speed of the dissolved gas particles _____________, causing the particles to gain energy and ____________ the solution more readily. *a. (e.g.) Bubbles of ____________ air escape long before the water boils, because water is able to hold ______ air in solution as its temperature ___________________ *e. Effects of Solutes on Solutions *1. Lower the Freezing Points Solutes ________ the __________ point of a ___________, because the ________ particles interfere with the ___________ particles making it __________ for the water molecules to form ___________ *a. (e.g.) A salt water ____________ – the temperature must drop lower than ______ for water to ___________ and for a _______ to form *2. Higher Boiling Points Solutes __________ the _____________ point of a ____________, because the _________ particles make it ____________ for the water molecules to gain energy and _____________ into the air. *a. (e.g.) A salt water _____________ – temperature must go higher than _____ for the water to gain more _________ for the water to _____ *f. Water [_____] is the ______________ solvent for ______________ *1. However, _____ all solutes ___________________ in water *a. (e.g.) oil-based paints require ________________ as the ___________ b. ____________________ substances ____ evenly distributed throughout the ______________ 1. Particles are _____________, can __________ in size and do ____ stay _____________ 2. __________________ heterogeneous mixture where particles of one substance are ________________ throughout another substance and ______ eventually __________ out *3. Types of ___________________: *1. solid particles _________________ in a liquid *a. (e.g.) sand in _________; juices w/________; Italian ___________ dressing *2. solid particles _______________ in a gas *a. (e.g.) dust or _____________ particles in the _______ *3. gas molecules ____________________ in a liquid *a. (e.g.) _____ scattered in a “creamy” fluid to make shaving __________ and _____________ cream *4. _________ has ___________ - ________ particles that remain __________ in a gas, ____________ or ______________ *a. Colloids appear to be _____________, because their particles are well-mixed and are too ________ to be _______ because they are _____________ evenly in another substance *1. Colloids are _______________________ in appearance *b. a _____________ particles are large enough, however, to “____________” or “____________” a beam of ________, but a solution’s particles are ____ *c. (e.g.) ________, fog, _________________, gelatin and ___________ *d. ________________ versus ____________ (Tyndall effect): *5. ___________ is a special type of __________ that consists of one liquid ____________ in another ____________ *a. Emulsions are well-mixed substances and are therefore __________________ *b. (e.g.) mayonnaise is an ___________ of vinegar (________) _____________ in oil (___________) and egg yolks (the emulsifier) *c. ________________ is a substance that keeps the particles in one ________ ____________ in another _____________ *1. (e.g.) in mayonnaise the _______________ is the ______ _________ *d. Many, but _____ all _________________ have ___________________