Download Chapter 23 (Section 3) Pregnancy, Birth, and Childhood

IV. LESSON 4
[Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87)]
A. Pure Substances and Mixtures
1. _______ matter is composed of particles called ___________
2. Atoms form ______________ and come together in different ways to form _________________ and
__________________
3. ______  _____________ unit of an ___________ and maintain the ______________ of that element
4. ____________  ___________ unit of a ___________; maintaining _____________ of the compound
5. ______________  matter that is composed of one kind of ________ (e.g. sulfur [__]; carbon [__])
a. each ___________ has its own ____________________ chemical and _____________ properties
*b. elements can _____ be ___________ down into other substances by any ______________ means
c. some ___________ exists in elemental form [(e.g.) gold [___] = not chemically ____________)]
*d. ____________ individually or combined form everything in the universe including __________
*1. Human body’s most abundant ___________: carbon [__], oxygen [__], hydrogen [__],
and nitrogen [__]; for teeth & _________ = calcium [___] and phosphorus [__]; for
taste buds = zinc [___]; for nervous system = copper [___]; for blood = iron [___]
*e. There are currently ____ known _____________ and ___ are found in nature, while the others
are ______________________ (man-made), but we only use between ___-___ elements daily
*1. The discovery of all the ________________ to date has taken ________________ of years
*2. In ancient times, it was believed there were “__” ______________: water, air, land, fire
*f. The chemical symbol of an ______________  is a shorthand form of the element’s ________
*1. The chemical ____________ always ________ with a __________ letter, with any other
letter(s) written in their ______________-________ form
*a. (e.g.) sulfur [__]; iodine [__]; fluorine [__]; helium [___]; gallium [___]
*2. Some elements’ ____________ symbols are based on their Latin, Greek or Arabic name
*a. (e.g.) gold [___]; silver [___]; mercury [___]; tin [___]; lead [___]
6. _____________  substance composed of two or more kinds of _______ that has been ____________
combined (e.g. sodium chloride [______]; hydrogen peroxide [______]; iron oxide [______])
a. every _________________ has its own distinct _________________
1. the ________________ of a compound differ from the ________________ of the individual
________________ making up the __________________
a. (e.g.) sodium [___] and chlorine [___] individually have totally _______________
properties compared to the _________________ sodium chloride [______]
b. ___________ matter on Earth exists in the form of a __________________
*c. When a _______________ forms, it _________ contains the _______ elements and the _______
number of atoms per ________________ in exactly the __________ ratio
*1. _________ = is always composed of the _____________ hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__]
with a 2:1 ratio of atoms respectively  ________
*2. ____________ ____________ = is always composed of the ____________ hydrogen [__]
and oxygen [__] with a 2:2 ratio of atoms respectively  ________
*d. A chemical formula  is a chemical abbreviation for writing a ________________
*1. A formula includes: _____________ symbols of the ___________ and numbers written
as subscripts to show the ratio of _________ per _____________
*a. If an __________ has ____ subscript, the _____________ is understood to be “__”
*b. (e.g.) carbon monoxide [___]; carbon dioxide [______]; ammonia [______]
*e. Examples of __________________:
*1. Table salt = ________ [sodium, chlorine w/1:1 atom ratio]
*2. Sand = _________ [silicon, oxygen w/1:2 atom ratio]
*3. Table sugar = ______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/12:22:11 atom ratio]
*4. Glucose = ______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/6:12:6 atom ratio]
*5. Chalk = _______________ [calcium, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:3 atom ratio]
*6. Iron oxide (rust) = _____________ [iron, oxygen w/2:3 atom ratio]
*7. Baking soda = ____________ [sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:1:3 atom ratio]
*f. ______________ can be broken down, but because the elements were _______________ joined
together, a _______________ process is necessary to __________________ them.
*1. Heating breaks down some _________________: iron separated from oxygen
(e.g.) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C (are heated)  4 Fe + 3 CO2 (the _____ [Fe] is _________________)
*2. Electrolysis is an _____________ current passed through some ______________ to break
them down: water is broken down into _____________ gas [H2] and _________ gas [O2]
(e.g.) 2 H2O (electricity is added)  2 H2 + O2 (the ____________ [H] and _________ [O]
are _________________)
*3. Some _______________ are so ______________ that they break down without the use of
_________ or ______________________
*a. ________ acts as a catalyst (something that ________ up a reaction) and is all that
is needed to break down an ___________ compound: hydrogen peroxide [_____]
is broken down into _________ [______] and ______________ gas [O2]
(e.g.) 2 H2O2 (exposed to light)  2 H2O + O2 (________________ into water and oxygen)
7. ______________  is matter that has been _________ or blended together ______________, but ____
__________________ combined
a. since _______________ are _____ ________________ joined together, each substance retains its
________________ and ___________________ properties
*b. ______________, however, do ____ require a specific __________ of substances
*1. Sugar water = is composed of the ___________ (substance being dissolved) sugar and the
_______________ (substance doing the dissolving) water
*a. Add more sugar (____________), the solution becomes _____________________
*b. Add _______ sugar (____________), the solution becomes _____________
B. Pure Substances: _____________ and ___________________
1. Two types of _______ substances:
 ____________ (e.g.) potassium [___]; aluminum [____]; sodium [____]
 _____________ (e.g.) _____ [NaCl]; glucose [_________]; _______ __________ [C12H22O11]
2. Pure substances have definite ___________________ physical and chemical _______________
a. Properties of _____ substances remain consistent because the most basic particles (_______ and
___________) making up each substance are ____________ [(e.g.) copper [___]; water [_____]]
3. _____________ bonds (ionic and covalent bonds) are __________ that hold the _______ together that
form _______________ and can only be broken by a _____________ change (electrolysis, heat, light)
4. Classifications of _________ substances are according to their _________________
a. _____________ are classified into __ groups: _________, _______________ and ____________
*1. ____________ (metallic) have the following __________________:
*a. __________  the amount of _________ or brightness (e.g.) chromium [___]
*b. _______________  able to be hammered, rolled, or shaped without ___________
(e.g.) copper (___); gold [___]; aluminum [___]
*c. __________  able to be drawn into a _____ (e.g.) tungsten [__]; platinum [__]
*d. Good ______________ of _______  items made from these elements heat quickly
and distribute the heat evenly (e.g.) iron [___]; aluminum [___]
*e. Good ______________ of ______________  metals through which electrons move
freely forming ____________ currents (e.g.) gold [__]; copper [__]; tungsten [__]
*f. ______ of ________ at room temperature (25o C)  most metals are a _______ at
room temp; except mercury [__]; copernicium [__], which are __________ at 25o C
*g. Some __________ exist for a short period of time in pure form (e.g.) francium [___]
*2. ___________________ (non-metallic) elements’ _________________:
*a. ________ of _________ at room temperature (____)  nonmetals are a ______ or
______ at room temperature, except bromine [__], only _______ non-metal at 25o C
*1. Nonmetals have “____________” properties of metals: low or no ________,
poor conductors of _______ /electricity, and not ductile or ______________
*3. ________________, the “6” elements that _____________ between the ___________ and
_____________, having properties “___________” those of ________ and _____________
*a. Common metalloids:
*1. silicon [__] – combined with oxygen forming sand [_____], glass and cement
*2. boron [__] – is used in _________________ solutions
*3. arsenic [___] – is a ______________
*b. Metalloids ____________ electricity ______ efficiently than ________, but ______
efficiently than ___________________
*1. silicon [___] and germanium [___] – are used as semi-conductors to make
computer chips, transistors, and ___________
*c. Two other _______________ are: ____________ [Sb] and _______________ [Te]
*d. ______________ [Al] although it borders the line that _____________ the metallic
from the non-metallic _______________; it is definitely a ____________
*e. ___________ [At] and ______________ [Po] also border the zigzag line, but are
still being debated as to whether they are _________________
b. ________________ can be classified as a ________, ________, or ________________ substance
based on their “pH” value (determined using a ______________ indicator):
 ________ have a pH value _________ “7”; (e.g.) vinegar [CH3COOH]; litmus turns _____
 _______ have a pH value ________ “7”; (e.g.) baking soda [NaHCO3]; litmus turns ____
 _______ substances’ ___ value is “__”; (e.g.) distilled water [___]; litmus _____ change
c. ________________ can also be classified as ____________ or _________________
1. _________ compounds have chemical bonds between carbon [__] & hydrogen [__] atoms
a. ___________ compounds made from __________ matter are called ______________
1. Four categories of ____________________:
a. ___________________: a macronutrient and source of _________
(e.g.) sugar, starch, fiber
b. _____________: a macronutrient that stores __________ energy and
forms _____ membranes (e.g.) __________, oil, wax
c. __________: a macronutrient that regulates body ____________
activities; builds and _________ cellular structures
d. _________ ______: contain genetic information (e.g.) _____ and RNA;
build ____________
C. Mixtures
1. ___________  consists of _____ or more substances that are _______ / _________ together, but do
____ react ______________ to form a _____ substance, instead keeping their original ____________
2. Mixtures are not _________ substances
3. Components of a ____________ are ____ all ____________ and do ____ have __________ properties
because they do _____ have a defined _______________ makeup
4. Mixtures can be _______________ by ______________ means which depends on their physical and
chemical ____________________
*a. Methods used to separate the substances of ____________________ are:
 _____________ separation the substances (e.g. remove mushroom topping from pizza)
 __________________ various sized particles (e.g. sifting dirt particles)
 __________________ force of attraction or repulsion between ___________ materials
*1. (e.g.) iron [___ – most _____________ element ] nails from aluminum [__] nails)
 _______________ can separate substances ________________ (e.g. sand in water)
*1. ___________________ machine (e.g. separates parts of ____________)
 ___________________ is the process of _______________ away water or letting water
___________________ (the 2 forms of vaporization) from a ______________,
leaving the _____________ that was _________________ as a residue
5. ________________ are classified into two types: _________________ and _____________________
a. _________________  the substances are _________ dispersed throughout the ____________
due to the ___________________ (going from areas of ______ concentration to areas of _____
concentration) of the particles throughout the mixture
1. Particles are extremely ________; they will _____ settle out; ___________ stay ________
2. ____________  homogeneous mixture where one substance is ___________ in another
*a. Types of _________________:
*1. the most common ________________ is a _________ dissolved in a _______
*a. (e.g.) ___________ (solute – the substance being dissolved) and water
(solvent – the substance that dissolves other materials)
*2. one ____________ dissolved in another ____________
*a. (e.g.) Ethylene glycol (solute) and ___________ (solvent) to make
_____________ (___________ pt = -13o C; ___________ pt = 176 o C)
*3. a _________ dissolved in a _____________
*a. (e.g.) __________ ___________ gas (solute) and soda (solvent) to
make a carbonated soft drink
*4. a _________dissolved in another __________
*a. (e.g.) _____ is a mixture of nitrogen [__] (solvent), oxygen [__], argon
[___] and carbon dioxide [______] (solutes)
*b. __________  are solid ______________ of metals ______________ in other
metals and non-metals dissolved in _______________
*1. Steel  is a ____________ of metal iron [___] and non-metal carbon [__];
exceptionally strong
*2. Bronze  is a ______________ of metal copper [___] and metal tin [___];
earliest of the alloys
*3. Brass  is a ______________ of metal copper [___] and metal zinc [___];
very malleable
*4. Sterling silver  is a ____________ of metal silver [___] and metal copper
[___]; harder and does _____ tarnish like pure silver [___]
*5. Solder  is a _____________ of metal tin [___] and metal lead [___];
____ ____________ point and is used to join _________ together
*6. Wood’s metal  is a __________ of metal bismuth [___], metal lead [__],
metal tin [___], and metal cadmium [___]; used in
sprinkler systems in buildings
*c. Concentration  is a way to describe a ____________ because different amounts
of ___________ can be ________________ in different amounts of ____________
*1. _____________  are solutions with a __________ amount of ___________
*a. (e.g.) “___________” tea (lighter in ___________; weaker _______)
*2. ___________________  are solutions with a _______ amount of ________
*a. (e.g.) “_________” tea (___________ in color; _____________ taste)
*d. Solubility  is a ______________ of how well a __________ can ____________
in a ____________ at a given _____________________
*1. _______________  ____________ that will dissolve in a ______________
*2. _______________  __________ that will ____ dissolve in a ____________
*3. _______________  are solutions with so much ___________ that no more
will __________________
*4. _______________  are solutions where _________ solute will continue to
_______________ when added to the ______________
*5. _______________________  are solutions containing more ____________
than the __________ at a given temperature can __________
*6. For many solids, solubility __________ as the temperatures ______, because a
solid’s particles move __________ and spread _____________ apart allowing
more room in the ______________ for ________ dissolved particles
*a. (e.g.) Potassium nitrate [__NO3] and ______________ chloride [KCl]
*7. For many gases, an ____________ in temperature ____________ the solubility
of a gas in a liquid, because the speed of the dissolved gas particles
_____________, causing the particles to gain energy and ____________ the
solution more readily.
*a. (e.g.) Bubbles of ____________ air escape long before the water boils,
because water is able to hold ______ air in solution as its temperature
___________________
*e. Effects of Solutes on Solutions
*1. Lower the Freezing Points  Solutes ________ the __________ point of a
___________, because the ________ particles interfere with the ___________
particles making it __________ for the water molecules to form ___________
*a. (e.g.) A salt water ____________ – the temperature must drop lower
than ______ for water to ___________ and for a _______ to form
*2. Higher Boiling Points  Solutes __________ the _____________ point of a
____________, because the _________ particles make it ____________ for the
water molecules to gain energy and _____________ into the air.
*a. (e.g.) A salt water _____________ – temperature must go higher than
_____ for the water to gain more _________ for the water to _____
*f. Water [_____] is the ______________ solvent for ______________
*1. However, _____ all solutes ___________________ in water
*a. (e.g.) oil-based paints require ________________ as the ___________
b. ____________________  substances ____ evenly distributed throughout the ______________
1. Particles are _____________, can __________ in size and do ____ stay _____________
2. __________________  heterogeneous mixture where particles of one substance are
________________ throughout another substance and ______ eventually __________ out
*3. Types of ___________________:
*1. solid particles _________________ in a liquid
*a. (e.g.) sand in _________; juices w/________; Italian ___________ dressing
*2. solid particles _______________ in a gas
*a. (e.g.) dust or _____________ particles in the _______
*3. gas molecules ____________________ in a liquid
*a. (e.g.) _____ scattered in a “creamy” fluid to make shaving __________ and
_____________ cream
*4. _________  has ___________ - ________ particles that remain __________ in a gas,
____________ or ______________
*a. Colloids appear to be _____________, because their particles are well-mixed
and are too ________ to be _______ because they are _____________ evenly
in another substance
*1. Colloids are _______________________ in appearance
*b. a _____________ particles are large enough, however, to “____________”
or “____________” a beam of ________, but a solution’s particles are ____
*c. (e.g.) ________, fog, _________________, gelatin and ___________
*d. ________________ versus ____________ (Tyndall effect):
*5. ___________  is a special type of __________ that consists of one liquid ____________
in another ____________
*a. Emulsions are well-mixed substances and are therefore __________________
*b. (e.g.) mayonnaise is an ___________ of vinegar (________) _____________
in oil (___________) and egg yolks (the emulsifier)
*c. ________________  is a substance that keeps the particles in one ________
____________ in another _____________
*1. (e.g.) in mayonnaise the _______________ is the ______ _________
*d. Many, but _____ all _________________ have ___________________