Download THE DIVINE CAMPAIGNS: TimeFrame 1100—1200

THE DIVINE CAMPAIGNS: TimeFrame 1100—1200
—Chapter 1: “Europe’s Feudal Order,” pp. 8—55.
—Chapter 2: “The Contest For the Holy Land,” pp. 56—93.
—Chapter 3: “Islam Comes To India,” pp. 94—129.
—Chapter 4: “Temple States Of India,” pp. 130—167.
CHAPTER 1: EUROPE’S FEUDAL ORDER
1. First formulated in eighth-century France, this social system was firmly established throughout most of
France, England, Germany, and northern Italy by the beginning of the twelfth century.
____________________
2. The faith of Europe found its most dramatic outlet in this enterprise, which attempted to wrest back
control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. _____________
3. The weakest and poorest of feudal Europe, they owed their lord labor in the field and were subject to his
almost absolute power. _____________
4—5. Men who had the strength and skill to fight, and the financial ability to arm themselves, became
_____________ of the lord. To cement ties between them, the lord would usually grant these warriors this,
usually a gift of land. ___________
6. Minor French lords who were in theory vassals of dukes, counts, or the king himself; in reality, as late as
the twelfth century these individuals ruled over their localities almost unchecked. ___________________
7. The patron saint of France. ______________
8. Son of a London merchant, he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury by English monarch Henry II —
escalating conflict with the Crown would ultimately lead to his murder in his own cathedral in 1170.
______________________________
9. In the twelfth century, this legal device, initiated by Northmen who had settled in England in the tenth
century,
was
institutionalized
and
extended
to
cover
civil,
as
well
as
criminal,
trials.
___________________
10. The king’s representative in each of England’s thirty-seven shires. _____________
11. Although it would later become a stylized performance, in the twelfth century it was often difficult to
distinguish between this and real warfare. ______________________
12. The legend of his love for her, the wife of the king of Cornwall, was but one of many romances created
by
French
and
German
poets
—
collectively
they
reinforced
the
code
of
chivalry.
_____________________________
13. Womanhood gained a new significance in the Middle Ages — perhaps its preeminent sigh was the
growing cult centered around this figure, who was coming to be revered as the foremost saint of
Christendom. ______________________
14. The poets of chivalry, they sang of ancient legends and of the meaning of love in the noble households
and princely courts of southern France. ____________________
15. This territory, a lord’s house and surrounding land, was the basic unit of Western European medieval
society. _______________
16—17. Amongst the officials of the manor were the ______________, who ran the estate, and the
_____________, who supervised the peasants’ work.
18. The serf population of Europe reached its peak in this century. _________________
19—20.
The population of Europe increased from approximately _________________ in 1100 to
_____________ in 1200.
21.
This textile became amongst the most important exports of twelfth century Europe.
______________________
22. This French county became the site for the six-yearly commercial fairs that fueled the economic
takeoff of the twelfth century. ____________________
23—26. By the twelfth century, these four European cities had reached populations of approximately
100,000. ___________________, __________________, ___________, ________________.
27.
That which was granted when a town escaped the feudal system and became subject to self-
government. _________________
28—30.
Three destinations were thought to confer special blessing on the Christian pilgrim:
______________________, where it was possible to visit the True cross and the sites of Christ’s passion:
_______________________, with its relic-filled churches built to serve the papal court; and
______________________________________________, in the northwest of Spain, which claimed
possession of the tomb of Saint James the Apostle — “Santiago” in the Spanish language.
31. The French scholar whose 1121 work Yes and No, inspired by the ancient Greeks, set contradictory
statements together and then chose between them in an effort to come to terms with God’s existence.
32.
The Church’s doctrine of the God-given, universal sovereignty of the papacy, it was pushed
particularly in the late twelfth and early thirteen centuries by Pope Innocent II, who wished to exert the
supremacy of the church. _____________________________
CHAPTER 2: “THE CONTEST FOR THE HOLY
LAND,”
DIVINE CAMPAIGNS: TIMEFRAME 1100-1200 A.D.
1.
On European maps of the Medieval Era, this city was shown as the center of the world.
_________________
2-3.
The
most
sacred
shrine
in
Medieval
Christendom.
______________________
______________________. It had been built by this Roman emperor. ______________
4. The Fourth Crusade of 1204 would end not with the sacking of a Muslim city but rather this Christian
center. _________________________
5-6. The two rival Muslim dynasties who both say themselves as the true successors of the Prophet on the
eve
of
the
twelfth
century.
_________________________,
_______________________________________.
7. Claiming as their founder the fifth-century saint Maro, these Syrian Christians were viewed as heretics
by Catholic and Orthodox Christians.
8. A quarrel over the wording of the Nicene Creed led to the final break between Rome and Byzantium in
this year. _____________
9-11. Saint Augustine, writing in the fifth century, had specified that a “just war” must meet the following
three specifications:
______________________________________________________________________;
______________________________________________________________________;
______________________________________________________________________.
12-13. Arabs had invaded this European nation in the eighth century, but had never completed the
conquest. ______________ The name given to the eight-centuries-long European struggle to regain
complete control of the country. ______________________
14-15. The pope who launched the First Crusade in 1095 with an inspirational speech to assembled clerics
at Clermont in France. ____________________ The great shout with which the assembly responded to his
speech. _______________________________
16. Celebrated in a twelfth-century poem as a national hero, he personified for the generations that
followed him the struggle of Christian knights to end Muslim rule in Spain. ______________
17. The 1212 battle at which an allied force of Spaniards and European knights decisively defeated the
Muslims in Spain. _____________________________________
18. Granada, the last remaining Muslim stronghold in Spain, fell in this year. _________
19. The most famous of the preachers of the First Crusade, he carried with him a Heavenly Letter which,
he said, an angel had given to him, commanding him to preach the Crusade to Christ’s poor — cheering
crowds pulled hairs from his donkey as relics. _______________________________
20.
The city from which the People’s Crusade set out in 1096, preceding the armies of the pope.
________________
21. In the course of the twelfth century, several thousand of this European religious minority would be
killed in incidents associated with the Crusades. _____________
22.
This Syrian city was the first great prize captured by Christians during the First Crusade.
_________________
23. The most potent weapon used by the Crusaders, its power was such that the Catholic Church tried in
1130 to ban the weapon’s use except against pagans and Muslims. _________________
24.
What the crusading lands became known as in Europe, literally “Beyond-the-Sea.”
____________________
25-26.
Military orders started in Jerusalem as religious fraternities that cared for pilgrims.
The
_________________________ were knights who included amongst their duties patrolling the roads and
escorting pilgrims between the coast and Jerusalem; they emerged as fully fledged fighting men by the
1130s. The ___________________________________ specialized in the care of the poor pilgrims when
they were sick; they only took to the battlefield around 1150. Their symbols included the motif of two
knights riding one horse to represent the vow of poverty and a black-and-white shield with the red cross on
the white design.
27. By the early twelfth century, Muslims had begun to dream of this, literally a “holy war,” against the
infidel Crusaders — it was a concept which hearkened back to Islam’s early expansive years but which
had not been emphasized since the seventh century.
28. If you were a Twelfth Century Crusader interested in intercepting the mail of your rival Muslims, you
would be ill-advised looking for a UPS truck to hijack but instead might turn to this animal for help.
________________
29. This French epic poem in which the French hero Roland jousts with the Muslim Moorish king of
Saragosa — though set in eighth-century France and Spain, and written before the First Crusade was
mounted
—
was
extremely
popular
throughout
the
twelfth
century.
__________________________________
30. The famed French abbot who summoned his nation’s nobles to participate in the Second Crusade in
1146. ___________________________________________
31. Starting from a base in Egypt, he became the Europeans’ most famed Muslim rival during the Second
and Third Crusades. A century after his death, the Italian poet Dante would honor him by placing him in
the First Circle of Hell, a place otherwise reserved for good men who had had the misfortune to have lived
before Christ’s birth, rather than in the blazing depths of Hell. __________________
32. The German emperor who drowned while participating in the Second Crusade; his name was later
invoked by Hitler for the Nazis’ World War II invasion of Russia. ________________________________
33. The leader of the Franks during the Third Crusade, he negotiated an 1192 truce with Muslim forces.
________________________________________
34. After sacking Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, Venetians took back with them many
statues and relics, including four gilded bronze horses made around the third century B.C., which were
placed above the portal of this church. _________________________________________
CHAPTER 3: “ISLAM COMES TO INDIA,”
DIVINE CAMPAIGNS: 1100-1200 A.D.
1-2. This Delhi mosque, built to celebrate the victory of the sultan Muizz al-Din Muhammad of Ghur over
a Hindu army in 1192 used for its building materials the rubbled remains of 27 neighboring Hindu temples.
______________________________ The victory tower within the mosque that had been added by 1230 to
commemorate the Muslim conquest of northern India. _____________________________
3.
The
most
basic
difference
between
Islam
and
Hinduism.
__________________
________________________________________________________________.
4. The remaining twelfth century center of Buddhism in India. ________________
5.
The Muslim overlords who pushed into India in the twelfth century were of this nationality.
___________________
6-9. For several centuries prior to the Delhi sultanate these four dynasties had struggled for dominance in
the Subcontinent.
Region
Dynasty
________________
______________________
________________
______________________
________________
______________________
________________
______________________
10-11.
Arab soldiers had held these two regions in present-day Pakistan since the eighth century.
________________, ___________________
12. The name given by Arabs to the Subcontinent. ________________
13-14. Such actions as his 1024 destruction of the lingam of the Hindu temple of Somnath earned for this
Afghanistan-based Muslim the name “Idol Breaker.” _____________ In Afghanistan itself, however, he
transformed this capital into a center of Islamic culture. _________________
15-16. The advent of Islamic rule sent Buddhism into rapid decline in its former strongholds of Bengal and
Bihar. The religion continued to exist under the benevolent neglect of the kings of this valley, however.
_________________ Many monks migrated to _____________ after the Muslim sacking of Nalanda in
1208.
17. The “great kings” who served as the top figures in the various Rajput kingdoms that developed in the
Indian northwest from the twelfth century onwards. ________________
18-19. The two land routes used in the twelfth century for increased trade between India and the Islamic
world.
___________________________________________;
______________________________________________.
20. Perhaps in part because of their similarity to Hindu gurus, it was the equality-preaching fakirs of this
group of Muslims who had particular success in converting the artisans and peasants of India to Islam.
________________
21. In the twelfth century, Christian thinkers reduced the fear of an eternal hell by developing this concept,
whereby mortals could do penance for their sins before ultimately attaining heavenly joy.
____________________
CHAPTER 4: “TEMPLE STATES OF ASIA,”
DIVINE CAMPAIGNS: 1100-1200 A.D.
1-2. The most powerful of Cambodia’s Khmer rulers, his thirty-year rule saw the expansion of Khmer
control over much of Southeast Asia. _____________________ His walled and moated metropolis, it
extended over three and a half square miles. ___________________
3-4. The largest religious structure on Earth, its building coincided with a golden age in mainland
Southeast Asia and its literal meaning is “the city that has become a temple.” _____________________
Although it became a Buddhist shrine, it was dedicated to this Hindu god. ________________
5. The Burmese state that rose to its zenith in the twelfth century, it stretched for over 600 miles from the
mountains of southwest China to the Bay of Bengal. ____________
6. A trading state, it spanned a key passage for shipping, the Malacca Strait. ________________________
7. The passageway between the Bangkok Plain and the lands to the North. ________________________
8. This form of Buddhism, literally the “Doctrines Of the Elders,” the form of the religion perhaps closest
to that preached by Buddha himself, focused on the eventual release from the cycle of rebirth and stressed
the importance of charity to the Sangha, the congregation of monks who made up the Buddhist church.
_____________________
9. This form of Buddhism, literally “Great Vehicle,” was a later form of the religion that stressed the
immediate goal of enlightenment in the present time through the intercession of saints and the practice of
ascetism — in Southeast Asia it absorbed many of the features of the Hinduism that had preceded it to the
region. __________________
10. The cosmic mountain that, according to both Hindu and Buddhist philosophy, stands at the center of
the universe. _________________
11. Islands northeast of Java that fell within the Javanese sphere of influence, their importance rested with
their supply of nutmeg and cloves, increasingly in demand abroad from the tenth century onwards.
____________________
12. Unlike temples, these Buddhist structures were inaccessible to ordinary citizens — their function was
to serve as repositories for relics. _______________
13. The mythical personage from whom the Khmer believed themselves to be descended, this would later
provide the origin for the name Cambodia. ______________
14. In 1190, Jayavarman II and his army overwhelmed this kingdom. ______________
15. A temple not only to Buddha but to Jayavarman VII himself, it stood at the very center of the Khmer’s
twelfth century capital. __________________
16. Cambodia’s aristocracy was often carried by their attendants in this device. _________________
17. Cambodian kings were always drawn from this class. ______________
18. A classically-inspired medical revival got under way as early as the tenth century at the medical school
of Salerno near Naples — it was this Greek physician, in particular, who was looked back to for inspiration.
_______________
19. After 1130, scholars in previously Moorish Toledo began translating the works of this eleventh-century
Arab philosopher and scientist. ______________________