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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name_________________________________ Date_______ The Digestive System Follow the directions on pg. D6 to observe your different teeth. Draw a picture of your lower and upper teeth in the space below. Lower Teeth Upper Teeth Write three or four phrases describing how your teeth look different from each other. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Which teeth are best for taking a bite of an apple? Which are best for chewing and grinding the apple? __________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _____________ are substances in food that the body uses for energy for growth and repair. Food that we eat is changed into nutrients that the body can use through _________________. Step 1: Mouth Digestion begins as soon as you bite into food. How do your teeth and tongue help with digestion? ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Saliva is the liquid in your mouth. It makes the food easier to swallow. It contains an _______________ (or chemical) that breaks down the food to change it into nutrients. Starches (like bread or crackers) change into _______________. Step 2: Esophagus The food them moves to the _______________, the tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. How long is an adult’s esophagus? _______________ Muscles contract and relax to push food towards the stomach. Step 3: Stomach The stomach is baglike and has muscular walls. When the muscles squeeze, the food is mixed with ____________________ made in the stomach’s lining. The food is in the stomach for ______ to ______ hours. It leaves the stomach as a thick liquid. Step 4: Small Intestine The food goes into the small intestine. It is about _____ meters long, but is curled up to fit into our body. The food is in the small intestine for about _____ to _____ hours. Juices change the food into nutrients, which are absorbed by blood vessels. Blood carries the nutrients to your cells. Step 5: Large Intestine Food and liquids that can’t be digested moves to the large intestine. It removes the liquid and stores the solid waste until it leaves the body. The large intestine is also a curled up tube. It’s called the large intestine because it is wider than the small intestine. It is shorter than the small intestine. It is only about one and a half meters long. Give an example of food that cannot be digested. ____________ _________________________________________________ How does the digestive system help body cells? _____________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Eating healthy is important. A calorie is a measure of the amount of energy in foods. Foods like cake, pie, and other desserts are high in calories. Other foods, like vegetables, are low in calories. The number of calories you use depends on what activities you do. Fill in the chart on the next page. Your body needs Calories for all the activities you do each day. What else do you think it needs Calories for? ______________ You are getting taller a little each day. As you grow, your body gains weight. Calories that your body doesn’t need to use for activities or growing get stored by your body as fat. Not all fat is bad. What are some things it can be good for? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ When your body stores too much fat, your body gains too much weight, which can make your heart and body work harder than they should. Exercise can help your body use more of the Calories that you eat. It helps control body weight. Developing Health Eating Habits When you eat the amount of food your body needs for growth and daily activities, you are developing good eating habits. Exercise can help balance the Calories you eat with the Calories you use. Food might get stuck between your teeth when you eat. The particles of food can cause plaque, a sticky material that forms on teeth and is harmful to dental health. What are two way to remove and prevent plaque from forming on your teeth? ________________________________________________ How many times a day should you brush your teeth? __________ The Excretory System Your kidneys are very important to your body. They normally come in pairs and are shaped like a kidney bean. Each kidney is about five inches long and about three inches wide. Their main job is to filter the waste out of your blood. Sometimes, your body has enough of a nutrient, and doesn’t need more. The kidneys also take care of this. The kidneys are also in charge of making sure that the amount of fluid and minerals are balanced. Water can leave your body when you sweat, when you breathe, or when you go to the bathroom. When you are thirsty, your body is telling you that you need more fluids to keep your body balanced. If you don’t have enough fluids, your brain can tell your kidneys to hold on to some fluids. Kidneys also tell your body to make more red blood cells. The Circulatory System Circulation is the movement of blood flowing through your body. Your ____________ is the most important organ involved in circulation. Your heart is a ____________ that pumps blood through your entire body. It must be strong so that the blood can reach your skin, arms, legs, brain, and other parts. Exercises that make your heart beat faster makes your heart stronger. What are some examples of this? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ If you run every day, your heart gets used to doing work. It doesn’t have to pump as many times because it pumps more blood with each beat. Running becomes easier for our heart and your circulation improves. Endurance is the amount of time a body can exercise before needing to rest. The more you exercise, the longer your endurance will be. What are some ways you have fun when you are exercising? How do you exercise? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ The blood that flows through your body is made up of several different parts. Fill in the chart with red blood cell, platelet, white blood cell, and plasma the watery part of blood that carries nutrients, wastes, and blood cells the kind of blood cell that carries oxygen to other body cells the kind of blood cell that fights germs a tiny part of a cell that helps stop bleeding by clumping together Your circulatory system has _____ types of blood vessels with their own jobs. An artery carries oxygen away from the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls that oxygen, nutrients, and wastes pass through. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Veins have _________ that keep blood from going backwards. The heart is muscular. It is divided into ______ spaces. The atriums receive blood from veins. The ventricles pump blood out of the heart through the arteries. What part of the heart receives the oxygen-poor blood? The Nervous System List your sense organs: _______________________________ _________________________________________________ These organs have nerve cells that gather information. Eyes gather information about light. Ears gather information about sound. Your tongue and nose gather information about scent and flavor, and your skin gathers information about pressure, touch, pain, heat, and cold. Nerve endings are branches of a nerve cell that gathers information. Your nerve cells gather information from your sense organs. The information travels to the ___________ along nerves, which are bundles of nerve cells. The messages travel through your ______________________, which is protected by your backbone. Your skin has various nerve endings that gather information about touch. These nerve endings send messages to your brain, telling it how to react. Most information comes from your ability to see. Your eye has different parts that have their own job. The __________ is the colored part of your eye. It is made of muscles that change size to let in the right amount of light. The pupil appears black, but it is actually a hole that lets light inside. There is a lens behind the pupil that bends the light to focus on the retina, a thin layer of nerve cells at the back of the eye. Nerve cells send a message to the optic nerve, which lets your brain know what you are seeing. ON the picture on the left, label the iris and pupil. On the picture on the right, label the lens, retina, and optic nerve. Give an example of a way your sense of smell or taste can keep you safe. _________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Your tongue has tiny taste buds, which are grouped around the bases of small bumps on your tongue. They have nerve cells that gather information about four tastes. ____________________ _________________________________________________ The Skeletal Muscular System You already learned that exercise helps your circulatory system, but it also makes your muscles stronger and firmer. You can probably move and stretch more easily without hurting yourself. Your joints can move easier. There are over 600 muscles in your body. They can be put into three categories: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Smooth muscles are usually found in layers. They are involuntary, which means you can’t control them. Your body tells these muscles what to do without you even thinking about it. The muscles in your stomach and digestive system, like the esophagus, are good examples. They contract and relax without you thinking about it. Muscles behind your eyes are also good examples. The cardiac muscle is the heart. The thick muscles contract to pump blood through your body. Skeletal muscle is probably what comes to mind when someone talks about muscles. They show how strong you are. They are the muscles that you control. You use these muscles when you decide to kick a soccer ball. They are usually attached to your bones, and stretches to a joint. They are held to the bone with tendons-cords made of tough tissue that work as connectors. Some of the biggest examples are the muscles in your heart that help you stand up. The major muscles on your body are shown on the picture to the right. Your bones give your body shape. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to stand, walk, run or sit. The human skeleton has ________ bones. It protects the important ______________ in our body. Your ribs are a great example. It protects the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen. The Respiratory System Your lungs make up one of the largest organs in your body. They look pink and squishy, and take up most of the space in your chest. Your left lung is a bit smaller than your right lung. Why do you think this is? _________________________________________________ Your diaphragm is right below your lungs. It is shaped like a dome, and allows you to inhale and exhale. The trachea is your windpipe. Two tubes, called bronchi reach out to your lungs. There are tiny air sacs called alveoli. You have about 600 million of them! They are covered with tiny capillaries. What happens to the blood as it goes through the lungs? _________________________________________________ When you inhale, you are bringing oxygen into your body, which your cells need. The air that you breathe out has waste and carbon dioxide. It is also probably warmer than the air you breathe in. Your lungs are important for ______________! Your larynx (your voice box) is located above the windpipe (also called your _____________). Your vocal cords are two tiny ridges across this voice box. When you exhale, the air reaches the vocal cords and are able to vibrate, creating a ______________. The more you breathe out, the longer or louder you will be able to talk.