Download Chapter three worksheet 2012-13

Environmental Science
Chapter 3 Worksheet
1. The earth is a system that is composed of four spheres. They are
_______________________________, ___________________________________,
_______________________________, and ______________________________________.
a. The ____________________________________ is the solid part of the earth.
i. The geosphere consists of ________________, ___________________, and
______________________
b. The atmosphere is a mixture of __________________________ that makes up the air.
i. The atmosphere is about _________________km thick.
c. The ______________________________ is all the water on or near the earth’s surface.
i. The hydrosphere covers ___________ % of the earth’s surface.
ii. The hydrosphere is ______________ km thick.
d. The biosphere is made of portions of the ________________________,
____________________________ and ___________________________________.
i. __________________________________ is the part of the earth where life
exists.
ii. The biosphere extends from ______km up in the atmosphere to the bottom of
the ______________ or about a total of ______________ km.
2. Layers of the __________________
a. ______________________ is the earth’s thin outer layer.
i. The crust is made of mostly _______________________ elements.
ii. The crust is less than ___________ % of the earth’s mass.
iii. The crust is _______________ km thick below the oceans and
_______________ km thick below the continents.
iv. The deepest we have drilled into the crust is ____ km.
b. The mantle makes up ________% of the earth’s mass.
i. The mantle is ________________km thick.
ii. The mantle is made of _________________ of medium density.
c. The ________________ is composed of the densest elements.
_________________________
i. The core has a diameter of _______________km
3. The two subdivisions of the earth are _________________________________ and
________________________________.
4. The outer subdivision of the earth is the __________________________________, which is
________________ km thick.
a. The lithosphere includes the ________________________ and uppermost
_____________________.
b. The lithosphere is divided into huge pieces called _______________________________
5. The __________________________________ is 250km thick.
a. The asthenosphere is a solid ______________________ layer.
b. The asthenosphere is made of mantle rock that
_______________________________________
c. The asthenosphere may be the layer that causes the _____________________________
to move.
6. This layer is 2550 km thick ______________________________
a. This layer is the lower layer of the ___________________________
7. The _____________ core is 1,228km thick.
a. The outer core is made of liquid ____________ and ______________________
8. The inner core is made of ___________ iron and nickel.
a. The temperature of the inner core is _____________________________.
b. As a result of enormous _____________________ the inner core of the earth is solid.
Plate Tectonics
9. ___________________________________ are the pieces of the earth’s lithosphere.
a. The plates glide along the ___________________________________
b. Movement of these plates cause the _________________________ to move.
c. Ten major plates are:
10. Plate boundaries are where:
a. The three types of plate boundaries are ______________________________,
_____________________________, _________________________________.
i. A _____________________________ boundary is where two plates move away
from each other.
ii. A type of convergent boundary is _________________________________
iii. A convergent boundary is when plates:
1. An example of a transform fault is _______________________________
iv. A __________________________ boundary is when two plates slide along each
other.
11. Much of the earth’s geologic activity happens at ____________________________________.
12. What is an earthquake?
a. What is a fault?
b. The ______________ scale is used by scientists to quantify the amount of energy
released by an earthquake.
c. _________________________ is the measure of energy release by an earthquake
i. The smallest magnitude that can be felt is ________ and the largest ever
recorded was ___________
ii. Each increase in magnitude by one whole number indicates the release of
_______ times more energy.
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d. Most earthquakes occur at _________________________________________
The last major earth quake in the US occurred in _________________________ in _______
The __________________________________ is an active zone that surrounds the Pacific ocean.
On January 12th, 2010 an earthquake occurred on the island of ________________________.
Charleston’s last big earth quake was in __________________________.
a. Due to _________________________________ the Charleston earthquake caused a lot
of damage.
A __________________________ is a mountain built from magma.
a. Volcanoes are often located near ___________________________________
b. __________________________ is a volcano that started under the ocean.
c. A major volcano, ________________________, erupted in 1883.
d. The Krakatoa islands sit in a giant water filled crater called a
_____________________________.
e. People started noticing the first signs of the upcoming eruption _______ months before
the event.
f. What portion of Rakata Island sank back into the ocean?
g. The volcano caused massive __________________________ to form in the ocean.
h. The largest tsunami created on that day was ______________ feet tall.
i. How many people were killed by the eruption?
j. How many of these deaths were due to falling debris and hot pyroclastic flows?
k. For how many years did the blast affect the sky?
l. How far away was the sound of the eruption heard?
m. In 1928 a new ________________ formed near Krakatoa called
__________________________.
Describe the sizes and layout of the Hawaiian islands. What formed these islands?
At what speed can the hot ash, dust and gases flow down a volcano?
a. What can the ash do?
b. Large eruptions can affect global climate for _________________ years.
Mount ______________________ was a major volcanic eruption in the state of
_____________________. It occurred on May 18, ____________
a. The eruption reduced the amount of sunlight by ___________ and the global
temperature dropped by several __________ of a degree.
_____________________________ is the removal and transport of surface material.
a. The two types of erosion are _______________________ and
____________________________
i. ______________ erosion by both rivers and _____________ can produce
dramatic changes on the Earth’s surface.
ii. Wind erosion affects areas that have very little ________________ life.
_____________________________________ is a mixture of gases that surround the earth.
a. Why does the earth have an atmosphere but the moon does not?
b. The atmosphere is composed of _____ % Nitrogen and ________ % Oxygen
What causes air pressure?
a. Where is the atmosphere the most dense?
b. At sea level atmospheric pressure is ________________ or _____________________
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
a. Which layer is closest to the earth’s surface?
i. How thick is the troposphere?
ii. What happens to the temperature as you move up the troposphere?
25. Which layer sits above the troposphere, what heights is it found at?
a. The stratosphere contains the _____________________ layer.
b. Ozone is made of 3 ____________________ atoms.
c. Temperature in the stratosphere ____________________ with an increase in altitude.
26. The layer above the stratosphere is the __________________________
a. The mesosphere is found between __________km and ___________ km.
b. Temperature in this layer _________________________ with an increase in altitude.
c. The coldest layer is the _______________________________ with temperatures
reaching _______ C
27. The top layer of the atmosphere is called the _________________________________
a. The thermosphere is found between ________km and ____________km
b. _____________________ and ________________________ in the thermosphere
absorb solar radiation.
c. In the thermosphere the temperature ____________________ with an increase in
altitude.
d. The thermosphere reaches temperatures of _______________C
e. Why doesn’t the thermosphere feel hot?
f. What is an electrically charged particle called?
g. The lower portion of the thermosphere is called the ________________________
i. The ions in the ionosphere can radiate light known as
_________________________ or _________________________
28. The three processes that ______________________ to the earth from the sun are:
a. ________________________ is the transfer of energy across space and the atmosphere.
An example is_________________________________
b. _________________________ is the transfer of heat from warmer to colder when
objects are in contact. An example is ________________________
c. __________________________ is the transfer of heat by air currents. Example is:
29. How much of the sun’s energy is actually absorbed by the earth?
30. The air in our atmosphere continually moves in a circular motion called a ___________________
a. Describe the circulation of the atmosphere.
31. What is the greenhouse effect?
a. Give examples of the greenhouse gases.
32. The _______________________ is all water on or near the earth’s surface
a. What is the water cycle?
i. ________________________ is when liquid water is heated by the sun and then
turns to water vapor.
1. Evaporation may occur at any ____________________________.
2. _________________________________ is when water vapor forms
water droplets on dust particles.
3. _____________________________ is when water droplets collide
forming larger water droplets and fall from the clouds as rain.
b. The oceans cover _____________% of the earth’s surface.
i. The five oceans are the:
1. ___________________
a. The ___________________ ocean
b. The average depth is ________________
c. What is the name of the deepest part an and how deep is it?
2. The _________________ is the second largest ocean
a. The deepest point is _____________m deep.
b. The average depth is _____________ m deep.
3. The _________________ ocean has an average depth of ________ m
a. The deepest point is ______________m
4. Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by _______________
a. The average depth is ______________m
5. The average depth of the Southern Ocean is _____________m
a. The deepest point is ______________________m
33. What is salinity?
a. What unit is used to measure salinity?
b. The average ocean salinity is ______________
c. Most of the salt in the ocean is ______________________
d. Name some other elements that make up ocean salt.
34. Temperature ________________
a. Surface waters of the ocean are warmed by the _________________________
i. The surface waters can be as deep as _________________m
b. The sun does not reach the ____________________ which are much colder at ___C.
35. The ______________________ is a zone if rapidly changing temperatures.
a. The thermocline is found from ______m to ________m deep
b. The ocean absorbs _____________% of the sun’s energy.
i. The ocean helps _________________________ energy around the world.
c. What is specific heat?
36. What are ocean surface currents driven by?
a. The ocean temperature greatly affects the temperature of the surrounding
___________
b. What are deep currents?
c. How long does it take for these deep waters to flow from Antarctica to New York City?
37. ___________ % of all the water in earth is fresh water.
a. ___________ of the 3% is tied up in ______________
38. What is a river system?
39. ________________________ are smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones?
40. Water that trickles down through the earth and collects in large quantities is called
___________________________
a. Ground water makes up less than ______% of all the water on earth.
41. What is an aquifer?
a. The ___________________________ is the surface land where water enters an aquifer.
42. The ______________________________ is a narrow layer around Earth’s surface in which
____________ can exist.
a. It is made up of the uppermost part of the _____________________ most of the
__________________________ and the lower part of the ________________________
b. The biosphere extends down ___km into the ocean and about ____km into the
atmosphere.
c. Life exists on earth because of three factors: ______________________________,
____________________________, and ___________________________________.
43. Energy flow in the __________________________
a. Earth is essentially a ____________________________ with only energy entering the
system.