Download BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW SHEET GILES

Name: _____________________________
Date: ___________________ Block: ___
BIOLOGY E.O.C.T REVIEW SHEET
Directions: Use your notes and your book to answer the following questions. If you
completely and correctly answer every question, I will drop your lowest test grade and
replace it with a grade of 100. YOU MUST PUT YOUR ANSWERS ON A
SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER. YOU MUST WRITE NEATLY.
CELLS
1) What are enzymes? What do they do? Why are they important?
2) What do carbohydrates and lipids have in common? And, how are they different?
3) What are the “building blocks” of carbohydrates?
4) What are the “building blocks” of lipids?
5) What are the “building blocks” of proteins?
6) What are the “building blocks” of nucleic acids?
7) What is homeostasis? Why is it important?
8) What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? What kinds of
organisms have prokaryotic cells? Which ones have Eukaryotic cells?
9) Write the function of each of these cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplast, ribosome, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole,
lysosome, cilia, flagella
10) What is the function of the cell membrane? What is the cell membrane made of?
11) What are at least three differences between plant cells and animal cells?
12) Define the three types of passive transport.
13) Define endocytosis and exocytosis.
14) What are the phases of mitosis, in the correct order? What happens in each phase?
15) What is mitosis and why does it happen?
16) What are at least two major differences between mitosis and meiosis?
17) What is meiosis and why does it happen?
18) What are the phases of meiosis, in the correct order? What happens in each
phase?
19) What gets made during meiosis?
20) What is the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell? Why do gametes
need to be haploid?
ORGANISMS
1) What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
2) What is the process by which some organisms convert solar energy into food
energy?
3) What is the equation for photosynthesis?
4) What are the reactants in photosynthesis? What are the products?
5) Where in the cell does photosynthesis happen?
6) What happens in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? What happens
in the Calvin Cycle?
7) What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
8) What is the equation for cellular respiration?
9) What are the reactants in cellular respiration? What are the products?
10) Where in the cell does cellular respiration happen?
11) What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
12) What is the difference between a unicellular organism and a multicellular one?
13) What are the levels of classification? (HINT: Kingdom is the biggest) List them in
order from biggest to smallest.
14) What is binomial nomenclature?
15) What are general characteristics of organisms in the archaebacteria kingdom?
16) What are general characteristics of organisms in the eubacteria kingdom?
17) What are general characteristics of organisms in the protista kingdom?
18) What are general characteristics of organisms in the fungi kingdom?
19) What are general characteristics of organisms in the plantae kingdom?
20) What are general characteristics of organisms in the animalia kingdom?
GENETICS
1) What are at least four differences between DNA and RNA?
2) What do scientists call the shape of DNA?
3) What two men discovered the structure of DNA in the 1950s?
4) What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
5) What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA? What are the four nitrogenous bases
in RNA?
6) Describe what happens in the four steps of DNA replication.
7) Why does DNA need to replicate itself?
8) Where does transcription happen? What happens during transcription?
9) Where does translation happen? What happens during translation?
10) What are the three types of RNA? What does each type do?
11) Who was Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?
12) Describe Mendel’s Law of Segregation.
13) Describe Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.
14) What is an allele?
15) What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?
16) What is codominance? What is incomplete dominance?
17) Give an example of a human gene that has more than two alleles.
18) What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
19) Describe what these terms mean: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive,
heterozygous
20) What is a Punnett Square? Can you complete a Punnett Square?
21) What is sex linkage? Why are sex linked traits different than other traits? What
chromosome are sex-linked genes found on?
22) What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?
23) What is a mutation?
24) What is meant by the term “crossing over”?
25) Describe these genetic disorders, and tell what causes them: sickle cell anemia,
Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome.
EVOLUTION
1) Who was Charles Darwin? What was the “big idea” that he had about evolution?
2) What was Charles Darwin doing when he had his ideas?
3) Name an important place Darwin went that gave him ideas about evolution.
4) Write at least two good definitions of evolution we discussed in class.
5) What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
6) List several things in the environment that could lead to natural selection.
7) Discuss how the fossil record provides evidence for evolution.
8) What are homologous structures? Discuss how homologous structures provide
evidence for evolution.
9) What are vestigial structures? Discuss how they provide evidence for evolution.
10) Discuss the embryological evidence for evolution.
11) What is the difference between convergent evolution and divergent evolution?
12) What is coevolution?
13) How can you tell if two organisms are of the same species?
14) What is genetic drift? What are the two types of genetic drift? Why can genetic
drift lead to evolution?
15) Why should you always finish your antibiotics when your doctor gives them to
you? (HINT: It has to do with evolution!)
16) What is the endosymbiotic theory?
17) According to the scientific theory of evolution, what were the Earth’s first living
things probably like?
18) How old do scientists think the Earth is?
19) How can you tell if a fossil is older or younger?
20) What is a cladogram?
ECOLOGY
1) What is ecology?
2) What do ecologists study?
3) How are ecosystems organized? List the levels of ecological organization from
the biggest to the smallest.
4) What is the difference between a population and a community?
5) Define the three types of community interactions.
6) Define the three types of symbiosis and give an example of each.
7) What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
8) What is an “ecological pyramid”?
9) How much energy gets passed from one level to the next in an ecological
pyramid?
10) Define the two types of ecological succession. Give an example of something that
could cause each type.
11) What is the difference between a renewable resource and a non-renewable
resource? Give an example of each.
12) List three gases that cause the greenhouse effect.
13) What is the greenhouse effect? What might happen if the greenhouse effect is too
strong?
14) Why is the ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere important for living things?
15) What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each.
16) Describe the water cycle, telling how water cycles through the Earth and its
atmosphere.
17) Describe the carbon cycle, telling how carbon cycles through the Earth and its
atmosphere.
18) Describe the nitrogen cycle, telling how nitrogen cycles through the Earth and its
atmosphere.
19) Describe the phosphorus cycle, telling how phosphorus cycles through the Earth
and its atmosphere.
20) Draw a graph depicting logistic growth.
21) Draw a graph depicting exponential growth.
22) What does the term “carrying capacity” mean? What happens if a population
passes its carrying capacity?
23) What is the difference between a density-dependent and a density-independent
factor? Give examples of each.
24) Describe the basic characteristics of the major land biomes: tundra, taiga, tropical
forest, temperate deciduous forest, desert, and grassland.
25) What is detritus? Why is it important?
26) What is phytoplankton and zooplankton? Why are they important?
27) What is an estuary?
28) What is the difference between a salt marsh and a mangrove swamp?
29) What are the Earth’s three climate zones? What makes them so different?
30) Why is it important to conserve resources and protect Earth’s ecosystems?