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Biology Period: _____
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Biology Midterm Review 2015
1) How does temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?
pH or temperature may denature enzymes and affect their function.
2) At what pH would the enzyme pepsin be most effective and where in the body is it located? Trypsin?
Pepsin would be most effective at a pH of 3 and would be located in the stomach.
Trypsin would be most effective at a pH of 8 and would be located in the intestines.
3) Draw and explain the enzyme/substrate complex.
The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the active site of an enzyme. The substrate molecule
undergoes a chemical reaction and is converted into a new product. Various mechanisms for the formation of enzyme–
substrate complexes have been suggested, including the induced-fit model and the lock-and-key mechanism.
4) Explain the using the graph below how an enzyme works as a catalyst.
Enzymes lower the activation energy
(lower line) causing the reaction to
proceed faster. The top line represents
the amount of energy needed for the
reaction to take place. With or without
an enzyme, the reaction will take place.
5) Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids. Fill in the chart. (Chapter 2)
Organic
monomer
monomer
polymer
Purpose/Function
macromolecule
drawing
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids (20)
Lipids
Glycerol and
fatty acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Polysaccharides
(starch)
Quick Energy for cells
Poly-peptides
(proteins are used for
structure & function)
Long term energy storage
Saturated &
unsaturated
fats (fats,
oils, waxes,
sterols)
Nucleic acids
(DNA &
RNA)
Carries genetic
information
6) Describe how the order of monomers (subunits) might affect the function of the biomolecules. (Chapter 2)
In proteins and nucleic acids the order of the monomers determine the type of protein or the trait.
Analogy: their, there, they’re
Identify and investigate the role of enzymes
7) What are enzymes? Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions
8) What is their function? Controls cellular activities
9) What type of macromolecule are enzymes? proteins
10) List some examples. Amylase, maltase, lactase, Sucrase, helicase DNA polymerase (“ASE” endings)
Explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new
molecules.
11) What is homeostasis? Cellular activities that maintain a steady state, helping it maintain stable internal
environment.
12) What is the role of the cell membrane as related to homeostasis? The cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
regulates the movement of molecules in/out of the cell.
13) What processes move molecules into and out-of cells? The types of transport include: osmosis, diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, active transport.
14) Compare osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of any molecule from a high to low concentration
(down the concentration gradient). Osmosis is the movement of water from a high purity to a low purity.
15) How do cells produce their energy? Cells convert energy from glucose during the process of cellular
respiration to charge up ADP to ATP.
Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of
energy and matter using the diagram to the right. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:
16) What kind of energy transformation occurs during the process of photosynthesis?
Light Energy(sun) to chemical energy (glucose) Cellular respiration? Chemical
energy to chemical energy
17) Matter is (recycled/transformed) Circle one.
Energy is (recycled/transformed) Circle one.
18) Describe the 3 stages of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis is the first stage and occurs in the cytoplasm making 2 ATP.
Kreb’s Cycle is the second stage and occurs in the matrix of the Mitochondria making 2 ATP.
Electron Transport Chain is the final stage and occurs in the inner membrane space making 32 ATP.
19) Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be opposite processes?
Photosynthesis
Chemical
Equations
What cell
organelle?
Purpose?
6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
ATP
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
To create glucose
To make ATP for the cell
Cellular Reactions
2 Types of Cellular Respiration (describe each):
20) Aerobic Respiration – Occurs when oxygen is present (Cellular Respiration)
21) Anaerobic Respiration – Occurs when no oxygen is present to make ATP
Ex. Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs in the muscle cells when oxygen is not present and causes muscle soreness.
Less ATP is made during fermentation.
Body Systems:
Students are able to analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to
the whole system. And describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation,
nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals.
Know that biological systems are composed of multiple levels.
32) List the levels of organization of multicellular organisms.
Cells, tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
Body System
Integumentary
Muscular
Main Organs Involved
Function
Skin, hair, and glands (also nails)
Protection from outside elements
3 types of muscle tissue:
Movement
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle( lining your
digestive system) and Cardiac muscle (heart)
Axial skeleton – contains skull, vertebral column,Structure and Support
and rib cage.
Skeletal
Appendicular skelton – contains upper and
lower limbs and pelvis.
Transport nutrients and gases
Heart, Blood Vessels (artery, vein, capillaries) and
Circulatory
spleen.
Mouth/Nose→Pharynx→Larynx→
Respiratory
Gas exchange
Epiglottis/Trachea→left/right bronchus→
Lungs→Bronchioles→alveoli
Mouth→Esophagus→ Stomach, Small intestines, Breakdown food and remove solid waste
Digestive
→Large intestines→Rectum.
Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra,
Excretory
Filter blood and remove liquid waste
Renal Artery, and Renal Vein.
Nervous
Brain, Nerves, Neuron, and Spinal Cord.
Control through electrical signals
Endocrine
Pituitary Gland and hormones.
Control through hormones
Female: Ovary – produces eggs
Make life
Reproductive
Lymphatic
(Immune)
Male: Testis/Testes – produces sperm
Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Spleen,
Fight foreign particles/infections
Leukocytes aka White blood cells
The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.
33) What is known about the DNA and function of the following types of cells? Cells have specific/different functions
for an organism, but the same DNA is present in each cell of that organism. (CELL DIFFERENTIATION)
34) Muscle cells cells that work together for the functions of the muscular system (movement).
35) Epithelial cells cells that work together for the functions of the integumentary and
digestive systems.
36) Nerve cells cells that work together for the functions of the nervous system
(sending electrical signals).
37) Neurotransmitters are part of which body system? Nervous System
39) What two main body systems would vertebrates use to swim, slither, fly, hop, walk and run?
The Skeletal and Muscular System are used because both systems are involved in movement.
40) How do feedback mechanisms relate to diabetes and other homeostasis conditions? Feedback mechanisms regulate blood
sugar in the bloodstream. Diabetes is a condition where homeostasis is disrupted. Homeostasis controls many metabolic
functions in the body including osmotic (water) regulation, temperature, O2 and CO2 levels, and Ca, Na, & K levels.
41) Why does blood go from the heart to the lungs before being pumped to the rest of the body? Blood travels through the
pulmonary artery from the heart to the lungs so it can be enriched with oxygen.
42) Compare smooth muscle with skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle lines the organs of the digestive system and
skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton.
43) Choose 3 systems and describe how they may work together to perform a particular function. The nervous
system sends electrical signals to the muscular system to move the muscles that work with the skeletal system
for movement.
Cell Transport
44) What is the function of the cell’s plasma membrane? The Cell Membrane is made up of phospholipid
molecules and controls what enters and leaves the cell to maintain homeostasis.
45) What does semi-permeable mean? A semi-permeable cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
46) Types of Transport (describe each): ): Passive (H→L) no ATP required and Active (L→H) ATP needed
47) Passive Transport – There are 3 types of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
48) Simple Diffusion – – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L) concentration.
No ATP required!!
49) Facilitated Diffusion – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L)
concentration. Facilitated diffusion requires a protein channel to move across membrane, but NO ATP
required.
50) Osmosis – movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L)
concentration/purity. No ATP is required for osmosis to occur.
51) Active Transport – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (L→H) concentration
moving against the concentration gradient. This movement requires a transport protein and ATP.
Passive Transport
H→L
Flow of Molecules
With/Against Concentration
Gradient
Is Energy Required?
Active Transport
L→H
With Concentration Gradient
Against Concentration Gradient
No energy(ATP) Required
Energy (ATP) Required
Cell Solutions
Define each:
52) Solute – – the substance that dissolves in a given solution. Ex: salt or sugar
53) Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving. Ex. Water the universal solvent
54) Solution – the solute and the solvent combined make up the solution. Ex: salt water
3 Types of Solutions (fill in the chart):
3 Types of Solutions
(fill in the chart):
Which way will WATER flow?
What happens to cell?
Picture
Using the Isotonic cell as
an example, draw a
picture of what the cell
would look like in the
beakers of solution
Show the direction of water
movement by drawing arrows
Hypotonic
Into the cell
The cell will increase in size
Hypertonic
Out of the cell
The cell will shrink/shrivel up
Isotonic
Into and out of the
cell
The cell stays the
same
The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific
functions and that viruses are different from cells.
55) Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
List the four characteristics common to all cells. Cell membrane, DNA, ribosome, cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
No membrane-bound both
Organelles
DNA
Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell
Membrane-bound
organelles (nucleus)
Unicellular
Multicellular
Ribosomes
Plant and Animal Cells
Cell Membrane
56) Viruses are made of __protein_______ (coat) around a ____nucleic acid_______(core)
57) Disease causing agents are called ____pathogenic_____________________________
58) Are viruses considered to be living? Explain. Viruses are not living because they do not fit all 8 characteristics of
life.
58b)Draw the lytic and lysogenic cycles and compare and contrast the two cycles.
Plants: Students describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport,
reproduction, and response in plants. (Chapters 22 – 25)
59) What do plants provide to the ecosystem? Plants give off O2 which is released into the atmosphere. Plants
also transform energy from the sun into glucose which is used by heterotrophs during cellular respiration to
charge ADP into ATP.
60) Describe the function of each by filling in the chart.
Plant Part
Function
Xylem
A type of vascular tissue in plants that moves water and minerals up from the roots
Phloem
A type of vascular tissue in plants that moves glucose throughout the plant.
Stomata
The stomata is an opening in the spongy layer of the leaf that is used for gas exchange.
CO2 goes in and O2 is released into the atmosphere.
Guard Cells
Opening and closure of the stomata pore is regulated by changes in the water pressure
(turgor pressure) of the two guard cells. The guard cells work to control the amount of
water lost through transpiration.
A part of the female reproductive organ of the flower. In the structure of flowers, the
ovary will turn into the fruit.
Ovary
Stamen
Pistil (Carpel)
Mesophyll
(palisade and spongy)
Trichome
The male reproductive organ of the flower. The Stamen consists of a stalk-like filament
which holds up the anther. Pollen grains containing sperm are held in the anther.
The female reproductive organ of the flower. The Pistil/Carpel has three parts:
The stigma at the top is often sticky and is where the pollen attaches. The style is the long tube
that attaches the stigma to the ovary.
The palisade layer of the leaf is tightly packed with cells to increase light absorption. The
spongy mesophyll layer of the leaf is loosely packed to increase gas exchange ( CO2 and
O2)
Tiny plant hairs that discouraging insect predators, reflecting sunlight, and
insulating the plant body
61) Explain how plants get energy for germination.
Cellular respiration
62) Explain the theory of Endosymbiosis.
Proposed theory that certain organelles evolved from a
symbiotic relationship between a host cell and early
prokaryotes
63) Complete the table below with cell organelle and its
function.
Organelle
Nucleus
Function
Control center of the cell
Plasma Membrane
Maintains homeostasis; selectively permeable; regulates what enters or leaves the cell
Mitochondria
Breaks down glucose into ATP; powerhouse of the cell
Chloroplast
Collects sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
Cell Wall
Supports and protects plant cell
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and repackages proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth – synthesizes and transports lipids
Rough – transports proteins
64) Define each tropism. Illustrate each tropism.
Phototropism = toward light
Gravitropism = toward earth’s center
Thigmotropism= Response of plants to touch