Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
1. abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment, like rocks, water, air,… 2. acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes; acceleration = (final velocity – starting velocity) / change in time 3. air mass – a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity 4. allele – a pair of genes that determine a specific inherited trait, like eye color 5. amplitude – the distance from the middle to the bottom (trough) or the top (crest) of a wave 6. aquifer – an underground layer of rock that holds water 7. asexual reproduction – reproduction with only one parent producing genetically identical offspring, like bacteria, yeast and sweet potatoes 8. asteroid – an object made of metal, rock, or ice smaller than a planet that orbits the sun 9. atom – the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element 10. atomic mass – the mass of one atom of an element 11. atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 12. balanced forces – equal forces that go in opposite directions 13. beaker – a container with a pouring spout and measuring marks 14. biomass – organic matter that contains stored energy 15. biome – a geographic region with a specific climate and distinct types of plants and animals 16. biosphere – the part of the Earth that supports life 17. biotic – something that is or was alive 18. black hole - a super dense object with gravity so strong not even light can escape 19. Bunsen burner – a tool that burns natural gas 20. calorie – a unit of thermal energy (heat) 21. carbon cycle – the continuous circulation of carbon in the environment 22. cell – the basic unit of a living organism 23. cell membrane – the protective outer covering of all cells 24. cell wall – the stiff outer covering of plant cells, gives structure and protection 25. centripetal force – the force pulling toward the center on an object that’s moving in a circle 26. chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together in a compound, ionic or covalent are the two types 27. chemical change – a change that happens when two or more substances change into something new 28. chemical energy – the energy stored in chemical bonds 29. chemical equation – a way of describing a chemical reaction C + O2 CO2 30. chemical formula – a way of describing a substance using chemical symbols and numbers H2O is the chemical formula for water. 31. chemical property – the characteristics of a substance when it reacts with other materials to make new materials 32. chemical reaction – a process where two or more substances react to make new materials 33. chemical weathering – the wearing away of rocks and minerals by chemical processes ( acid rain, oxidation, dissolving,..) 34. chlorophyll – the green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis 35. chloroplasts – the parts of a plant that contain chlorophyll 36. chromosome – a part of the nucleus of a cell that contains genes 37. comet – an object in the solar system made of frozen gases, ice and dust that orbits the sun 38. community – all the different populations of plants, animals, 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. and other organisms interacting with each other in an environment compost – dead and decaying plant matter that can be decomposed compound – is made of two or more elements that are chemically combined Na + Cl NaCl compression – a section of a wave where the particles are pressed together conduction – the transfer of thermal (heat) energy from a warmer material to a cooler material through direct contact (touching) conservation – the protection and preservation of the environment and the wise use of resources 44. constellation – a group of stars that make a picture in your imagination 45. consumer - any organism that consumes (eats) other organisms for energy (anything except plants) 46. continental drift – the hypothesis that all continents drift and that once they were all connected long ago (Pangaea) 47. convection – the transfer of heat (thermal energy) through currents in liquids and gases 48. core – the central, spherical section of the Earth, below the mantle 49. crest - the highest point of a wave, the peak 50. crust – the top, outermost layer of the Earth, the ground we walk on 51. cytoplasm – the gel-like fluid inside cells that surrounds cell structures 52. decomposer – an organism such as bacteria or fungi that breaks down dead plant and animal matter, release nutrients back into the ecosystem to be reused 53. deposition – the process by which water, wind, ice and gravity deposit eroded sediments in new locations 54. dissect – to cut apart and expose the internal organs for scientific examination 55. DNA – the material found in the nucleus of cells that determines genetic traits 56. dominant trait – the characteristic visible when at least one 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. dominant allele for a trait is inherited eclipse – happens when one object in space casts a shadow on another object ecosystem – a distinct environment in which producers (plants), consumers and decomposers interact electromagnetic wave – energy wave that can travel through matter or empty space Examples: microwaves, visible light, radio waves, X-rays, … electron – a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom electron cloud – the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are 62. element – a pure substance, made of atoms, it cannot be broken down into simpler parts by physical or chemical methods 63. endothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (it gets cooler) 64. energy – the ability to do work or cause a change Examples: thermal (heat), light, chemical, electrical, potential and kinetic,… 65. energy pyramid – a picture in the shape of a triangle showing the flow of energy through a food chain 66. energy transformation – a change from one form of energy into another form 67. epicenter – the point on the surface of Earth directly above an earthquake’s starting point 68. equilibrium – being in balance; equal 69. erosion – the movement of soil and sediment by wind, water, ice, gravity or living organisms 70. exosphere – the outermost layer of the atmosphere 71. exothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that gives off heat 72. external stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from outside the organism Example: a light at night is an external stimulus that attracts moths. 73. extinction - the death of all members of a species 74. feedback mechanism – the system of adjusting to changes 75. food web – a system of overlapping and connected food chains in an ecosystem 76. force – a push or pull 77. frequency – the number of wavelengths that pass a spot in one second 78. friction – a force that tries to stop the movement between two objects that touch each other 79. function – the job an object is supposed to do 80. galaxy – a group of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity (We are in the Milky Way galaxy.) 81. gas giant – a large, gaseous planet like Jupiter or Saturn 82. gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome with genetic information 83. generation – the group of living things that are about the same age 84. genetic trait – an inherited characteristic, like having the same color eyes 85. genotype – a written abbreviation for a genetic trait (Upper case letters represent dominant traits. Example: Bb) 86. geologic fault – a break in the Earth’s crust, where earthquakes usually happen 87. gravity – the force of attraction between two objects, depends on their masses and distance 88. greenhouse effect – heating from gases in Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat 89. groundwater- water that percolates, or drains, through soil and rocks and collects in underground reservoirs. 90. group- a vertical column of elements on the periodic table with similar physical or chemical properties. 91. habitat – the place where an organism lives 92. heredity – passing genetic traits from parents to children 93. heterozygous- an organism that carries both a dominant and a recessive allele for a particular trait (Example: Tt). 94. homeostasis- the process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment. 95. homozygous- an organism that carries two dominant or two recessive alleles for a particular trait (Example: TT tt). 96. human organ systems- a group of organs that work together to perform body functions. Examples: the bones of the skeletal system; the arteries, veins, heart, and lungs of the circulatory system 97. hybrid – an object that has a combination of more than one trait 98. hydroelectric energy – electrical energy generated using the power of moving water 99. hypothesis – a reasonable prediction, based on knowledge, that can be tested 100. igneous rock - rock formed from lava that cooled 101. inertia – the tendency of an object to not change how it’s moving 102. inexhaustible resource – a resource that won’t run out 103. inherited trait – a genetic characteristic passed from the parent to the children 104. input force – the force applied to a machine by the person 105. interdependent – two objects that rely or depend on each other 106. internal stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from yourself, Example: feeling thirsty is an internal stimulus that your body needs water. 107. ion – an atom that has a charge because the number of protons and electrons is not equal 108. isotope – an atom of the same element (so it has the same # of protons) but a different # of neutrons compared to another atom of that element 109. joule – a unit for measuring work in the metric system 110. kinetic energy – the energy an object has because it’s moving 111. land subsidence – the gradual settling or sinking of land because of changes that happen underground 112. lava – melted rock that has erupted from a volcano 113. light-year – the distance that light travels in one year (186,000 miles per second times 60 times 60 times 24 times 365) 114. lithosphere – the part of the Earth that includes the crust and the outer mantle ( the top layer) 115. longitudinal wave – a wave where the vibration is in the same direction as the wave goes 116. lunar cycle – the pattern of the phases of the moon as it orbits the Earth 117. magma – liquid, melted rock underground 118. magnitude – the brightness of a star as measured on a scale 119. mantle – the thick layer of rock under the crust 120. matter – anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) 121. mechanical energy – the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energy 122. mechanical wave – energy wave that needs matter to travel (Example: sound waves are mechanical waves) 123. mechanical weathering – breaking rocks into smaller pieces by wind, animals, plants, and ice wedging 124. meiosis – the cell division process that produces egg and sperm cells for reproduction 125. mesosphere – the middle layer of the atmosphere, 50-90 km above the Earth 126. metalloid – elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals, (semiconductors) 127. metals – elements that usually are good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable and shiny 128. metamorphic rock – rock that changed from one type to a new type through heat and pressure 129. meteor – a piece of space rock that burns upon entering Earth’s atmosphere 130. mitochondria – the parts of a cell that produces energy 131. mitosis – the division of chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus to make two identical cells 132. molecule – the smallest unit of a compound 133. moon phases – the changes in the appearance of the moon as seen from Earth 134. motion – the change in position of an object relative to a reference point 135. mutation – a change in an organism’s genes 136. nebula – a large cloud of gas and dust in space, where most stars are created 137. net force – the total, combined force on an object 138. neutron – a particle in the nucleus of an atom, has no charge 139. newton – the unit for force in the metric system, abbreviated N 140. Newton’s Laws of Motion – the three laws that explain the movement of everything in the universe a. Things won’t change how they’re moving unless a force acts on them. b. F = ma c. For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. 141. niche – the role of an organism in its ecosystem 142. nitrogen – the gas that makes up ¾ of the air, an element with 7 protons 143. nitrogen cycle – the circulation of nitrogen between the parts of an ecosystem 144. Noble gases – the elements in the last column on the Periodic Table, they almost never react with other elements 145. nonmetals – elements that usually are poor conductors of heat or electricity 146. nonrenewable resource – a natural resource that cannot easily be replaced, like fossil fuels 147. nucleus a: the center of an atom with the protons and neutrons b: the center of a cell with genes and chromosomes 148. orbit – the path of an object in space 149. organ – a part of the body made of tissues. Examples: heart, lungs, kidneys, … 150. organism – any living thing 151. oxidation – a chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen (rusting) 152. oxygen – a colorless gas, the element with 8 protons 153. percolation – the downward movement of water through soil and rock because of gravity 154. period – a: a horizontal row on the Periodic Table b: a long time in the Earth’s history (example: the Jurrasic Period) 155. Periodic Table of the Elements – the table showing all the elements arranged by their properties 156. petri dish – a flat cylinder with a cover used for growing cultures of mold, bacteria, etc. 157. phenotype – the actual physical properties of an organism, such as height, weight, color or texture 158. photosynthesis – the process plants use to make their food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight 159. physical change – a change in a material that does NOT change it to something different 160. physical property – a property you can use to describe or identify a material, Examples: color, shape, freezing point, luster, density,….. 161. plate tectonics – the theory that the crust is broken into huge plates that float and move 162. population – all members of a species living together in the same general area 163. potential energy – energy that is stored in the position of an object 164. predation – the feeding relationship in which one species is the predator and another is the prey 165. primary consumer – an organism that eats plants 166. producer – a green plant 167. product – a substance made by a chemical reaction 168. proton - the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom 169. Punnett square – a table showing all the possible combinations for a trait 170. radiant energy – electromagnetic energy that travels in waves 171. rarefaction – a section of a wave where the particles are spread farther apart 172. reactant – a substance used in a chemical reaction, the starting materials 173. recessive trait – a characteristic that is only shown when two recessive alleles for that trait are inherited 174. renewable resource – a natural resource that can be used and can be replaced 175. resistance force – any force that opposes the motion of an object, it tries to stop the object from moving 176. Richter scale – a scale used to measure an earthquake’s strength 177. rock cycle – the slow, continuous process that changes rocks from one type to another type 178. runoff – water that flows over the surface of the ground into rivers and streams 179. satellite – a natural or man-made object that revolves around another object in space 180. scientific evidence – information that either supports or disputes a scientific theory or hypothesis 181. secondary consumer – an organism that eats primary consumers 182. sediment – small particles of rock, soil, sand, etc deposited by wind, water, ice or gravity 183. sedimentary rock – rock formed by layers of sediment pressed together and cemented by heat, pressure and dissolved minerals 184. seismic wave – a vibration that travels through Earth, usually caused by an earthquake; recorded by a seismograph 185. selective breeding – the controlled breeding of organisms to promote a specific trait 186. sexual reproduction – reproduction from egg and sperm cells of the parents 187. SI system of measurement (the metric system) – the worldwide system of measurement based on multiples of 10 using meters, liters, grams 188. simple machine – a device that makes work easier by changing the direction or size of the force needed (lever, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, inclined plane, wedge) 189. solar system – the Sun, the planets and moons, and all other bodies orbiting the Sun 190. species – organisms that can produce offspring (babies) that can produce more offspring (grandbabies) 191. specific heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C 192. spring scale – a tool used to measure a force, such as gravity, on an object 193. stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere, above the troposphere, 16-50 km high 194. structure – the shape and composition of part of an organism or system 195. succession – the rebuilding in populations of organisms in an ecosystem after severe environmental change, such as volcanic eruption, fire, flood 196. surface water – usable freshwater on the Earth’s surface for drinking, animals, recreation, etc., such as lakes, rivers, ponds 197. symbiosis- a close ecological relationship between two or more species. 198. system- a group of structures, cycles and processes that interact and relate to each other. 199. tectonic plates- giant, irregular pieces of Earth’s outermost layer that move around on the softer mantle below. 200. telescope- an instrument that magnifies distant objects and makes them appear closer. 201. tertiary consumer – an organism that eats secondary consumers Producers eaten by primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers eaten by tertiary consumers 202. test tube – a cylindrical glass tube used in science experiments 203. thermosphere – the layer of Earth’s atmosphere above the mesosphere, starting approximately 80 km high 204. tissue – a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function; examples: muscle tissue, nerve tissue, blood tissue 205. topographic map – a map that shows contour lines to show the elevation of the ground 206. transpiration – the loss of water from plant leaves into the air 207. transverse wave – a wave in which the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the wave travels 208. triple beam balance – a scale that uses three bars (beams) and sliding weights to measure the mass of an object 209. tropism – a plant’s growth response to an external stimulus, such as light, water, or gravity 210. troposphere – the lowest layer of the atmosphere up to about 16 km 211. trough – the lowest point of a transverse wave 212. turgor pressure – the force applied on the cell wall of plants from water inside the cell, keeps plants from wilting 213. unbalanced force – a force that is stronger in one direction than the forces in the opposite direction 214. uplift – the pushing up of sections of the Earth’s crust by forces inside the Earth 215. vacuole – a fluid-filled storage sac within a cell 216. vacuum – a space that contains no matter 217. variable – a condition or factor that can be changed in an experiment, can be independent, dependent or the control 218. velocity – the speed and direction of a moving object 219. water cycle – the continuous movement of water between Earth and the atmosphere 220. water vapor – the invisible, gaseous state of water 221. watershed – the region of land drained by a river system 222. wave – a vibration that transfers energy from one place to another 223. wavelength – the distance between the same parts of two consecutive waves