Download abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment, like rocks, water, air

abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment, like rocks, water, air,…
acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes;
acceleration = (final velocity – starting velocity) / change in time
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air mass – a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity
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allele – a pair of genes that determine a specific inherited trait, like eye color
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amplitude – the distance from the middle to the bottom (trough) or the top (crest) of a
wave
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aquifer – an underground layer of rock that holds water
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asexual reproduction – reproduction with only one parent producing genetically
identical offspring, like bacteria, yeast and sweet potatoes
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asteroid – an object made of metal, rock, or ice smaller than a planet that orbits the
sun
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atom – the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element
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atomic mass – the mass of one atom of an element
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atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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balanced forces – equal forces that go in opposite directions
13. beaker – a container with a pouring spout and measuring marks
14. biomass – organic matter that contains stored energy
15. biome – a geographic region with a specific climate and distinct types of plants and
animals
16. biosphere – the part of the Earth that supports life
17. biotic – something that is or was alive
18. black hole - a super dense object with gravity so strong not even light can escape
19. Bunsen burner – a tool that burns natural gas
20. calorie – a unit of thermal energy (heat)
21. carbon cycle – the continuous circulation of carbon in the environment
22. cell – the basic unit of a living organism
23. cell membrane – the protective outer covering of all cells
24. cell wall – the stiff outer covering of plant cells, gives structure and protection
25. centripetal force – the force pulling toward the center on an object that’s moving in a
circle
26. chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together in a compound, ionic or covalent
are the two types
27. chemical change – a change that happens when two or more substances change into
something new
28. chemical energy – the energy stored in chemical bonds
29. chemical equation – a way of describing a chemical reaction
C + O2
CO2
30. chemical formula – a way of describing a substance using chemical symbols and
numbers
H2O is the chemical formula for water.
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chemical property – the characteristics of a substance when it reacts with other
materials to make new materials
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chemical reaction – a process where two or more substances react to make new
materials
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chemical weathering – the wearing away of rocks and minerals by chemical
processes ( acid rain, oxidation, dissolving,..)
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chlorophyll – the green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight to provide
energy for photosynthesis
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chloroplasts – the parts of a plant that contain chlorophyll
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chromosome – a part of the nucleus of a cell that contains genes
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comet – an object in the solar system made of frozen gases, ice and dust that
orbits the sun
community – all the different populations of plants, animals, and other organisms
interacting with each other in an environment
compost – dead and decaying plant matter that can be decomposed
compound – is made of two or more elements that are chemically combined
Na + Cl
NaCl
compression – a section of a wave where the particles are pressed together
conduction – the transfer of thermal (heat) energy from a warmer material to a
cooler material through direct contact (touching)
conservation – the protection and preservation of the environment and the wise
use of resources
constellation – a group of stars that make a picture in your imagination
consumer - any organism that consumes (eats) other organisms for energy
(anything except plants)
continental drift – the hypothesis that all continents drift and that once they were
all connected long ago (Pangaea)
convection – the transfer of heat (thermal energy) through currents in liquids and
gases
core – the central, spherical section of the Earth, below the mantle
crest - the highest point of a wave, the peak
crust – the top, outermost layer of the Earth, the ground we walk on
cytoplasm – the gel-like fluid inside cells that surrounds cell structures
decomposer – an organism such as bacteria or fungi that breaks down dead
plant and animal matter, release nutrients back into the ecosystem to be reused
deposition – the process by which water, wind, ice and gravity deposit eroded
sediments in new locations
dissect – to cut apart and expose the internal organs for scientific examination
DNA – the material found in the nucleus of cells that determines genetic traits
dominant trait – the characteristic visible when at least one dominant allele for a
trait is inherited
eclipse – happens when one object in space casts a shadow on another object
ecosystem – a distinct environment in which producers (plants), consumers and
decomposers interact
electromagnetic wave – energy wave that can travel through matter or empty
space Examples: microwaves, visible light, radio waves, X-rays, …
electron – a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the
nucleus of an atom
electron cloud – the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons
are
element – a pure substance, made of atoms, it cannot be broken down into
simpler parts by physical or chemical methods
endothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (it gets cooler)
energy – the ability to do work or cause a change
Examples: thermal
(heat), light, chemical, electrical, potential and kinetic,…
energy pyramid – a picture in the shape of a triangle showing the flow of energy
through a food chain
energy transformation – a change from one form of energy into another form
epicenter – the point on the surface of Earth directly above an earthquake’s
starting point
equilibrium – being in balance; equal
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erosion – the movement of soil and sediment by wind, water, ice, gravity or living
organisms
exosphere – the outermost layer of the atmosphere
exothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that gives off heat
external stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from outside the organism
Example: a light at night is an external stimulus that attracts moths.
extinction - the death of all members of a species
feedback mechanism – the system of adjusting to changes
food web – a system of overlapping and connected food chains in an ecosystem
force – a push or pull
frequency – the number of wavelengths that pass a spot in one second
friction – a force that tries to stop the movement between two objects that touch
each other
function – the job an object is supposed to do
galaxy – a group of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity (We are in the
Milky Way galaxy.)
gas giant – a large, gaseous planet like Jupiter or Saturn
gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome with genetic information
generation – the group of living things that are about the same age
genetic trait – an inherited characteristic, like having the same color eyes
genotype – a written abbreviation for a genetic trait (Upper case letters represent
dominant traits. Example: Bb)
geologic fault – a break in the Earth’s crust, where earthquakes usually happen
gravity – the force of attraction between two objects, depends on their masses
and distance
greenhouse effect – heating from gases in Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat
groundwater- water that percolates, or drains, through soil and rocks and collects
in underground reservoirs.
group- a vertical column of elements on the periodic table with similar physical or
chemical properties.
habitat – the place where an organism lives
heredity – passing genetic traits from parents to children
heterozygous- an organism that carries both a dominant and a recessive allele
for a particular trait (Example: Tt).
homeostasis- the process by which an organism maintains a stable internal
environment.
homozygous- an organism that carries two dominant or two recessive alleles for
a particular trait (Example: TT tt).
human organ systems- a group of organs that work together to perform body
functions. Examples: the bones of the skeletal system; the arteries, veins, heart,
and lungs of the circulatory system
hybrid – an object that has a combination of more than one trait
hydroelectric energy – electrical energy generated using the power of moving
water
hypothesis – a reasonable prediction, based on knowledge, that can be tested
igneous rock - rock formed from lava that cooled
inertia – the tendency of an object to not change how it’s moving
inexhaustible resource – a resource that won’t run out
inherited trait – a genetic characteristic passed from the parent to the children
input force – the force applied to a machine by the person
interdependent – two objects that rely or depend on each other
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internal stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from yourself, Example: feeling
thirsty is an internal stimulus that your body needs water.
ion – an atom that has a charge because the number of protons and electrons is
not equal
isotope – an atom of the same element (so it has the same # of protons) but a
different # of neutrons compared to another atom of that element
joule – a unit for measuring work in the metric system
kinetic energy – the energy an object has because it’s moving
land subsidence – the gradual settling or sinking of land because of changes that
happen underground
lava – melted rock that has erupted from a volcano
light-year – the distance that light travels in one year (186,000 miles per second
times 60 times 60 times 24 times 365)
lithosphere – the part of the Earth that includes the crust and the outer mantle (
the top layer)
longitudinal wave – a wave where the vibration is in the same direction as the
wave goes
lunar cycle – the pattern of the phases of the moon as it orbits the Earth
magma – liquid, melted rock underground
magnitude – the brightness of a star as measured on a scale
mantle – the thick layer of rock under the crust
matter – anything that has mass and volume (takes up space)
mechanical energy – the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energy
mechanical wave – energy wave that needs matter to travel (Example: sound
waves are mechanical waves)
mechanical weathering – breaking rocks into smaller pieces by wind, animals,
plants, and ice wedging
meiosis – the cell division process that produces egg and sperm cells for
reproduction
mesosphere – the middle layer of the atmosphere, 50-90 km above the Earth
metalloid – elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals,
(semiconductors)
metals – elements that usually are good conductors of heat and electricity,
ductile, malleable and shiny
metamorphic rock – rock that changed from one type to a new type through heat
and pressure
meteor – a piece of space rock that burns upon entering Earth’s atmosphere
mitochondria – the parts of a cell that produces energy
mitosis – the division of chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus to make two identical
cells
molecule – the smallest unit of a compound
moon phases – the changes in the appearance of the moon as seen from Earth
motion – the change in position of an object relative to a reference point
mutation – a change in an organism’s genes
nebula – a large cloud of gas and dust in space, where most stars are created
net force – the total, combined force on an object
neutron – a particle in the nucleus of an atom, has no charge
newton – the unit for force in the metric system, abbreviated N
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Newton’s Laws of Motion – the three laws that explain the movement of
everything in the universe
a. Things won’t change how they’re moving unless a force acts on them.
b. F = ma
c.
For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
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niche – the role of an organism in its ecosystem
nitrogen – the gas that makes up ¾ of the air, an element with 7 protons
nitrogen cycle – the circulation of nitrogen between the parts of an ecosystem
Noble gases – the elements in the last column on the Periodic Table, they almost
never react with other elements
nonmetals – elements that usually are poor conductors of heat or electricity
nonrenewable resource – a natural resource that cannot easily be replaced, like
fossil fuels
nucleus -
a: the center of an atom with the protons and neutrons
b: the center of a cell with genes and chromosomes
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orbit – the path of an object in space
organ – a part of the body made of tissues. Examples: heart, lungs, kidneys, …
organism – any living thing
oxidation – a chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen
(rusting)
oxygen – a colorless gas, the element with 8 protons
percolation – the downward movement of water through soil and rock because of
gravity
period – a: a horizontal row on the Periodic Table
b: a long time in the Earth’s history (example: the Jurrasic Period)
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Periodic Table of the Elements – the table showing all the elements arranged by
their properties
156. petri dish – a flat cylinder with a cover used for growing cultures of mold,
bacteria, etc.
157. phenotype – the actual physical properties of an organism, such as
height, weight, color or texture
158. photosynthesis – the process plants use to make their food from carbon
dioxide, water and sunlight
159. physical change – a change in a material that does NOT change it to
something different
160. physical property – a property you can use to describe or identify a
material, Examples: color, shape, freezing point, luster, density,…..
161. plate tectonics – the theory that the crust is broken into huge plates that
float and move
162. population – all members of a species living together in the same general
area
163. potential energy – energy that is stored in the position of an object
164. predation – the feeding relationship in which one species is the predator
and another is the prey
165. primary consumer – an organism that eats plants
166. producer – a green plant
167. product – a substance made by a chemical reaction
168. proton - the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
169. Punnett square – a table showing all the possible combinations for a trait
170. radiant energy – electromagnetic energy that travels in waves
171. rarefaction – a section of a wave where the particles are spread farther
apart
172. reactant – a substance used in a chemical reaction, the starting materials
173. recessive trait – a characteristic that is only shown when two recessive
alleles for that trait are inherited
174. renewable resource – a natural resource that can be used and can be
replaced
175. resistance force – any force that opposes the motion of an object, it tries
to stop the object from moving
176. Richter scale – a scale used to measure an earthquake’s strength
177. rock cycle – the slow, continuous process that changes rocks from one
type to another type
178. runoff – water that flows over the surface of the ground into rivers and
streams
179. satellite – a natural or man-made object that revolves around another
object in space
180. scientific evidence – information that either supports or disputes a
scientific theory or hypothesis
181. secondary consumer – an organism that eats primary consumers
182. sediment – small particles of rock, soil, sand, etc deposited by wind,
water, ice or gravity
183. sedimentary rock – rock formed by layers of sediment pressed together
and cemented by heat, pressure and dissolved minerals
184. seismic wave – a vibration that travels through Earth, usually caused by
an earthquake; recorded by a seismograph
185. selective breeding – the controlled breeding of organisms to promote a
specific trait
186. sexual reproduction – reproduction from egg and sperm cells of the
parents
187. SI system of measurement (the metric system) – the worldwide system
of measurement based on multiples of 10 using meters, liters, grams
188. simple machine – a device that makes work easier by changing the
direction or size of the force needed (lever, wheel and axle, screw, pulley,
inclined plane, wedge)
189. solar system – the Sun, the planets and moons, and all other bodies
orbiting the Sun
190. species – organisms that can produce offspring (babies) that can produce
more offspring (grandbabies)
191. specific heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of a substance by 1 degree C
192. spring scale – a tool used to measure a force, such as gravity, on an
object
193. stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere, above the
troposphere, 16-50 km high
194. structure – the shape and composition of part of an organism or system
195. succession – the rebuilding in populations of organisms in an ecosystem
after severe environmental change, such as volcanic eruption, fire, flood
196. surface water – usable freshwater on the Earth’s surface for drinking,
animals, recreation, etc., such as lakes, rivers, ponds
197. symbiosis- a close ecological relationship between two or more species.
198. system- a group of structures, cycles and processes that interact and
relate to each other.
199. tectonic plates- giant, irregular pieces of Earth’s outermost layer that
move around on the softer mantle below.
200. telescope- an instrument that magnifies distant objects and makes them
appear closer.
201. tertiary consumer – an organism that eats secondary consumers
Producers eaten by primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers
eaten by tertiary consumers