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abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment, like rocks, water, air,… acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes; acceleration = (final velocity – starting velocity) / change in time 3. air mass – a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity 4. allele – a pair of genes that determine a specific inherited trait, like eye color 5. amplitude – the distance from the middle to the bottom (trough) or the top (crest) of a wave 6. aquifer – an underground layer of rock that holds water 7. asexual reproduction – reproduction with only one parent producing genetically identical offspring, like bacteria, yeast and sweet potatoes 8. asteroid – an object made of metal, rock, or ice smaller than a planet that orbits the sun 9. atom – the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element 10. atomic mass – the mass of one atom of an element 11. atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 12. balanced forces – equal forces that go in opposite directions 13. beaker – a container with a pouring spout and measuring marks 14. biomass – organic matter that contains stored energy 15. biome – a geographic region with a specific climate and distinct types of plants and animals 16. biosphere – the part of the Earth that supports life 17. biotic – something that is or was alive 18. black hole - a super dense object with gravity so strong not even light can escape 19. Bunsen burner – a tool that burns natural gas 20. calorie – a unit of thermal energy (heat) 21. carbon cycle – the continuous circulation of carbon in the environment 22. cell – the basic unit of a living organism 23. cell membrane – the protective outer covering of all cells 24. cell wall – the stiff outer covering of plant cells, gives structure and protection 25. centripetal force – the force pulling toward the center on an object that’s moving in a circle 26. chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together in a compound, ionic or covalent are the two types 27. chemical change – a change that happens when two or more substances change into something new 28. chemical energy – the energy stored in chemical bonds 29. chemical equation – a way of describing a chemical reaction C + O2 CO2 30. chemical formula – a way of describing a substance using chemical symbols and numbers H2O is the chemical formula for water. 31. chemical property – the characteristics of a substance when it reacts with other materials to make new materials 32. chemical reaction – a process where two or more substances react to make new materials 33. chemical weathering – the wearing away of rocks and minerals by chemical processes ( acid rain, oxidation, dissolving,..) 34. chlorophyll – the green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis 35. chloroplasts – the parts of a plant that contain chlorophyll 36. chromosome – a part of the nucleus of a cell that contains genes 1. 2. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. comet – an object in the solar system made of frozen gases, ice and dust that orbits the sun community – all the different populations of plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with each other in an environment compost – dead and decaying plant matter that can be decomposed compound – is made of two or more elements that are chemically combined Na + Cl NaCl compression – a section of a wave where the particles are pressed together conduction – the transfer of thermal (heat) energy from a warmer material to a cooler material through direct contact (touching) conservation – the protection and preservation of the environment and the wise use of resources constellation – a group of stars that make a picture in your imagination consumer - any organism that consumes (eats) other organisms for energy (anything except plants) continental drift – the hypothesis that all continents drift and that once they were all connected long ago (Pangaea) convection – the transfer of heat (thermal energy) through currents in liquids and gases core – the central, spherical section of the Earth, below the mantle crest - the highest point of a wave, the peak crust – the top, outermost layer of the Earth, the ground we walk on cytoplasm – the gel-like fluid inside cells that surrounds cell structures decomposer – an organism such as bacteria or fungi that breaks down dead plant and animal matter, release nutrients back into the ecosystem to be reused deposition – the process by which water, wind, ice and gravity deposit eroded sediments in new locations dissect – to cut apart and expose the internal organs for scientific examination DNA – the material found in the nucleus of cells that determines genetic traits dominant trait – the characteristic visible when at least one dominant allele for a trait is inherited eclipse – happens when one object in space casts a shadow on another object ecosystem – a distinct environment in which producers (plants), consumers and decomposers interact electromagnetic wave – energy wave that can travel through matter or empty space Examples: microwaves, visible light, radio waves, X-rays, … electron – a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom electron cloud – the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are element – a pure substance, made of atoms, it cannot be broken down into simpler parts by physical or chemical methods endothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (it gets cooler) energy – the ability to do work or cause a change Examples: thermal (heat), light, chemical, electrical, potential and kinetic,… energy pyramid – a picture in the shape of a triangle showing the flow of energy through a food chain energy transformation – a change from one form of energy into another form epicenter – the point on the surface of Earth directly above an earthquake’s starting point equilibrium – being in balance; equal 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. erosion – the movement of soil and sediment by wind, water, ice, gravity or living organisms exosphere – the outermost layer of the atmosphere exothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that gives off heat external stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from outside the organism Example: a light at night is an external stimulus that attracts moths. extinction - the death of all members of a species feedback mechanism – the system of adjusting to changes food web – a system of overlapping and connected food chains in an ecosystem force – a push or pull frequency – the number of wavelengths that pass a spot in one second friction – a force that tries to stop the movement between two objects that touch each other function – the job an object is supposed to do galaxy – a group of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity (We are in the Milky Way galaxy.) gas giant – a large, gaseous planet like Jupiter or Saturn gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome with genetic information generation – the group of living things that are about the same age genetic trait – an inherited characteristic, like having the same color eyes genotype – a written abbreviation for a genetic trait (Upper case letters represent dominant traits. Example: Bb) geologic fault – a break in the Earth’s crust, where earthquakes usually happen gravity – the force of attraction between two objects, depends on their masses and distance greenhouse effect – heating from gases in Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat groundwater- water that percolates, or drains, through soil and rocks and collects in underground reservoirs. group- a vertical column of elements on the periodic table with similar physical or chemical properties. habitat – the place where an organism lives heredity – passing genetic traits from parents to children heterozygous- an organism that carries both a dominant and a recessive allele for a particular trait (Example: Tt). homeostasis- the process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment. homozygous- an organism that carries two dominant or two recessive alleles for a particular trait (Example: TT tt). human organ systems- a group of organs that work together to perform body functions. Examples: the bones of the skeletal system; the arteries, veins, heart, and lungs of the circulatory system hybrid – an object that has a combination of more than one trait hydroelectric energy – electrical energy generated using the power of moving water hypothesis – a reasonable prediction, based on knowledge, that can be tested igneous rock - rock formed from lava that cooled inertia – the tendency of an object to not change how it’s moving inexhaustible resource – a resource that won’t run out inherited trait – a genetic characteristic passed from the parent to the children input force – the force applied to a machine by the person interdependent – two objects that rely or depend on each other 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. internal stimulus – a cue or prompt that comes from yourself, Example: feeling thirsty is an internal stimulus that your body needs water. ion – an atom that has a charge because the number of protons and electrons is not equal isotope – an atom of the same element (so it has the same # of protons) but a different # of neutrons compared to another atom of that element joule – a unit for measuring work in the metric system kinetic energy – the energy an object has because it’s moving land subsidence – the gradual settling or sinking of land because of changes that happen underground lava – melted rock that has erupted from a volcano light-year – the distance that light travels in one year (186,000 miles per second times 60 times 60 times 24 times 365) lithosphere – the part of the Earth that includes the crust and the outer mantle ( the top layer) longitudinal wave – a wave where the vibration is in the same direction as the wave goes lunar cycle – the pattern of the phases of the moon as it orbits the Earth magma – liquid, melted rock underground magnitude – the brightness of a star as measured on a scale mantle – the thick layer of rock under the crust matter – anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) mechanical energy – the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energy mechanical wave – energy wave that needs matter to travel (Example: sound waves are mechanical waves) mechanical weathering – breaking rocks into smaller pieces by wind, animals, plants, and ice wedging meiosis – the cell division process that produces egg and sperm cells for reproduction mesosphere – the middle layer of the atmosphere, 50-90 km above the Earth metalloid – elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals, (semiconductors) metals – elements that usually are good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable and shiny metamorphic rock – rock that changed from one type to a new type through heat and pressure meteor – a piece of space rock that burns upon entering Earth’s atmosphere mitochondria – the parts of a cell that produces energy mitosis – the division of chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus to make two identical cells molecule – the smallest unit of a compound moon phases – the changes in the appearance of the moon as seen from Earth motion – the change in position of an object relative to a reference point mutation – a change in an organism’s genes nebula – a large cloud of gas and dust in space, where most stars are created net force – the total, combined force on an object neutron – a particle in the nucleus of an atom, has no charge newton – the unit for force in the metric system, abbreviated N 140. Newton’s Laws of Motion – the three laws that explain the movement of everything in the universe a. Things won’t change how they’re moving unless a force acts on them. b. F = ma c. For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. niche – the role of an organism in its ecosystem nitrogen – the gas that makes up ¾ of the air, an element with 7 protons nitrogen cycle – the circulation of nitrogen between the parts of an ecosystem Noble gases – the elements in the last column on the Periodic Table, they almost never react with other elements nonmetals – elements that usually are poor conductors of heat or electricity nonrenewable resource – a natural resource that cannot easily be replaced, like fossil fuels nucleus - a: the center of an atom with the protons and neutrons b: the center of a cell with genes and chromosomes 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. orbit – the path of an object in space organ – a part of the body made of tissues. Examples: heart, lungs, kidneys, … organism – any living thing oxidation – a chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen (rusting) oxygen – a colorless gas, the element with 8 protons percolation – the downward movement of water through soil and rock because of gravity period – a: a horizontal row on the Periodic Table b: a long time in the Earth’s history (example: the Jurrasic Period) 155. Periodic Table of the Elements – the table showing all the elements arranged by their properties 156. petri dish – a flat cylinder with a cover used for growing cultures of mold, bacteria, etc. 157. phenotype – the actual physical properties of an organism, such as height, weight, color or texture 158. photosynthesis – the process plants use to make their food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight 159. physical change – a change in a material that does NOT change it to something different 160. physical property – a property you can use to describe or identify a material, Examples: color, shape, freezing point, luster, density,….. 161. plate tectonics – the theory that the crust is broken into huge plates that float and move 162. population – all members of a species living together in the same general area 163. potential energy – energy that is stored in the position of an object 164. predation – the feeding relationship in which one species is the predator and another is the prey 165. primary consumer – an organism that eats plants 166. producer – a green plant 167. product – a substance made by a chemical reaction 168. proton - the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom 169. Punnett square – a table showing all the possible combinations for a trait 170. radiant energy – electromagnetic energy that travels in waves 171. rarefaction – a section of a wave where the particles are spread farther apart 172. reactant – a substance used in a chemical reaction, the starting materials 173. recessive trait – a characteristic that is only shown when two recessive alleles for that trait are inherited 174. renewable resource – a natural resource that can be used and can be replaced 175. resistance force – any force that opposes the motion of an object, it tries to stop the object from moving 176. Richter scale – a scale used to measure an earthquake’s strength 177. rock cycle – the slow, continuous process that changes rocks from one type to another type 178. runoff – water that flows over the surface of the ground into rivers and streams 179. satellite – a natural or man-made object that revolves around another object in space 180. scientific evidence – information that either supports or disputes a scientific theory or hypothesis 181. secondary consumer – an organism that eats primary consumers 182. sediment – small particles of rock, soil, sand, etc deposited by wind, water, ice or gravity 183. sedimentary rock – rock formed by layers of sediment pressed together and cemented by heat, pressure and dissolved minerals 184. seismic wave – a vibration that travels through Earth, usually caused by an earthquake; recorded by a seismograph 185. selective breeding – the controlled breeding of organisms to promote a specific trait 186. sexual reproduction – reproduction from egg and sperm cells of the parents 187. SI system of measurement (the metric system) – the worldwide system of measurement based on multiples of 10 using meters, liters, grams 188. simple machine – a device that makes work easier by changing the direction or size of the force needed (lever, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, inclined plane, wedge) 189. solar system – the Sun, the planets and moons, and all other bodies orbiting the Sun 190. species – organisms that can produce offspring (babies) that can produce more offspring (grandbabies) 191. specific heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C 192. spring scale – a tool used to measure a force, such as gravity, on an object 193. stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere, above the troposphere, 16-50 km high 194. structure – the shape and composition of part of an organism or system 195. succession – the rebuilding in populations of organisms in an ecosystem after severe environmental change, such as volcanic eruption, fire, flood 196. surface water – usable freshwater on the Earth’s surface for drinking, animals, recreation, etc., such as lakes, rivers, ponds 197. symbiosis- a close ecological relationship between two or more species. 198. system- a group of structures, cycles and processes that interact and relate to each other. 199. tectonic plates- giant, irregular pieces of Earth’s outermost layer that move around on the softer mantle below. 200. telescope- an instrument that magnifies distant objects and makes them appear closer. 201. tertiary consumer – an organism that eats secondary consumers Producers eaten by primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers eaten by tertiary consumers