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Geography of Ancient Arabia I. Arabia is a huge peninsula in south western Asia. a) It lies south of the Fertile Crescent and east of Egypt. b) By the time Constantine rose to power in Europe around A.D. 300, Arabia had a number of flourishing civilizations. II. While some of Arabia is desert, the coastal areas receive enough rain to support agriculture. a) Some of Arabia’s deserts contain high stone cliffs, and others contain huge hills of sand. b) The worlds largest continuous body of sand is here (Arabian’s call it the Empty Quarter). 1) Parts are uninhabitable with no rain for 10 years or more. c) Oases (water holes supplied by underground springs play an important role in desert travel). III. Most of Arabia’s early people populated its fertile regions. a) Arabia’s east coast and Iabal mountain regions are fertile enough to support agriculture (two environmental regions). b) The third environmental region is the inner part of Arabia, it is mostly desert. 1) A quarter of Arabia gets less than 10 inches of rain a year. There are few rivers. IV. Towns and trade developed in fertile regions at the deserts edges and at oases. a) Arabian traders had long been traveling to cities in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and Palestine. b) Items such as Frankincense (a perfume). V. Trade linked Ancient Arabia with Egypt and the Fertile Crescent. a) One group of traders was calling Bedouins (the word means desert people). b) They were family groups of people who lived and traveled. c) Many Bedouins became very wealthy and powerful. The Beginnings of Islam I. According to Muslim belief Muhammad, the founder of Islam, lived from A.D. 570-632. Muhammad preached that there was only one god Allah. a) As a young man Muhammad was raised by an uncle and became a caravan master. b) He married Khadija and becomes very wealthy. c) Muhammad often went to a mountain cave near Mecca to pray. 1) At about 40 years of age, Muhammad believed he received a message from Allah. 2) Muhammad sets out to teach the teachings of Allah to the Arab world. 3) He upset many of the leaders of Mecca with his preachings. II. Muhammad journeyed from Mecca to Medina in 622. This event is called the hijra (migration). Muhammad went on to become a powerful leader in Medina, later he returned and proclaimed Mecca a holy city. a) In 624 Muhammad led attacks on Mecca, caravans cutting off its sources of wealth. b) Muhammad laid siege to Mecca cutting off supplies. In 630 a peace agreement gave Muhammad control of Mecca. III. Muslims believe that the sacred book of Islam, the Quran, contains holy teachings that Muhammad received from Allah. a) The Quran is the Muslim form of the Christian Bible. It serves as both a religious and civil book of laws. IV. The Five Pillars of Islam from the Quran instruct Muslims about how they should honor Allah in their lives. Five Pillars: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) V. Belief in one god, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet. Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing Mecca. Take care of the poor, giving alms. Fast from sun up to sun down during the holy month of Ramadan. Muslims who can afford it must or should visit Mecca at least once in their life time. During the 100 years after Muhammad’s death the Islamic religion (community) grew steadily. By A.D. 750 followers of Islam could be found from Spain to India. a) Muhammad died around A.D. 632. This caused great sadness to his many followers. The Muslim Caliphate I. Under the Caliphs who came after Muhammad, Islam spread into Asia, Africa, and Europe. For Centuries the Caliphs ruled Baghdad. A) Caliph means “Successor” (to the prophet). B) In 762, the Muslim ruler al- Mansur built his capital city in Baghdad. C) Baghdad became the center of Muslim civilizations greatest achievements in science, art and architecture. D) The Caliphs ruled Baghdad for centuries. II. The Caliphate furthered learning in medicine, math and astronomy. A) In math, we were given a simpler numbering system (Arabic numbers we use today). B) Muslim Mathematicians built on the works of Hindu scholars and gave us algebra. C) The Astrolabe (a Greek instrument), was used to figure the position of the stars. D) Their calendar was based on the position of the moon. III. Mecca became the most holy city of the Islamic world. A) Mosques (places of worship), were centers of Muslim worship and centers of towns. B) Mosques remain the center of Muslim religious services still used today and hold prominent places in Muslim cities.