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The Later Middle Ages
Chapter 18
Section One: Popes and Kings
1. Define excommunicate
• To cast out from the church
2. How did the pope get power
and what power did he have?
• People gave the popes
power because they felt the
popes were God’s
representative on earth
• He decided when someone
was acting against the
church
• He could excommunicate
people
• Political leaders
3. Where did the three most
powerful kings rule?
4. How were the kings of the
Holy Roman Empire different
from the other kings?
• France
• England
• Holy Roman Empire
• They didn’t inherit the land
(like in France and England)
they were elected by the
empire’s nobles
5. What was the disagreement in
Europe over the power of the pope?
6. What was the problem between Pope
Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV?
• The Eastern half of Europe had
bishops that didn’t think the
pope had power over them
• The Pope in Rome wanted to
prove them wrong
• They split and the Eastern half
became Orthodox Christians
and the Western half became
known as Roman Catholics
with the pope as the leader
• They both wanted to chose
the bishops and disagreed on
who had the power to do so
• Gregory excommunicated
Henry and told the nobles to
rise up against Henry
• Henry begged forgiveness and
earned it after three days of
standing in the snow
• This proved the pope had
more power than the emperor
Section Two: The Crusades
7. Define crusades
8. Define Holy Land
• A long series of wars
between Christians and
Muslims in Southwest Asia
• This is what the Europeans
call Palestine because it was
the region where Jesus had
lived, preached and died
9. What caused the crusades?
• Muslims controlled
Jerusalem and a group of
Turkish Muslims attacked a
group of Christians visiting
there
• The Turks began raiding the
Byzantine Empire and they
asked Pope Urban II for help
10. Why did people want to fight
in the crusades?
• People hoped to save their
souls or to do what they
thought God wanted
• Some wanted land and
treasure
• Some just wanted
adventure in their lives
11. Describe the First Crusade
12. Describe the Second and
Third Crusades
• In 1096 about 5,000
Crusaders left Europe
• Many Crusaders were
peasants and attacked Jews
on their way to the Holy
Land because they blamed
the Jews for Jesus’s death
• In 1099 they reached the
Holy Land and beat the
Muslims, took Jerusalem
and set up towns there
• French and German kings set
off for the Holy Lands in 1147
because the Muslims were
taking over Jerusalem again
• They lost the second one and
set out for the third in 1189,
the King of England Richard I
against the Muslim leader
Saladin. Both leaders were
brave and even kind, however
the Muslims won and kept
Jerusalem
13. Describe the Fourth Crusade
14. Why did the crusades end?
• In 1201 the knights
promised the people of
Venice to bring back
treasures to pay for their
voyage to the Holy Land.
• The knights also sacked
Constantinople and brought
back many treasures for
Venice
• The crusades had to travel
huge distances just to reach
the war, many died on the way
• Crusaders weren’t prepared to
fight in Palestine’s desert
climate
• The Christians were
outnumbered by their well-led
and organized Muslims foes
• Christians leaders fought
among themselves and
planned poorly
15. How did the crusades change
Europe?
• Trade between Europe and
Asia increased
• Kings became more
powerful
• Tensions between
Christians, Jews and
Muslims grew
16. Define clergy
• Church officials
Section Three: Christianity and
Medieval Europe
17. How did the Christian church
shape society?
18. What was the Christian
church’s role in politics?
• They were where markets,
festivals and religious
ceremonies took place
• Encouraged people to go on
pilgrimages to Rome,
Jerusalem, Canterbury and
Compostela
• It was a large landowners
and became feudal lords
• Advised local rulers
19. Who were the Monks of
Cluny?
• French monks that were
unhappy with the church
• Started a monastery in the
early 900’s
• Followed a strict schedule
of prayers and religious
services
• Created the religious order
20. Define religious order
• A group of people who
dedicate their lives to
religion and follow common
rules
21. Who were the friars and who
was Francis of Assisi?
• Friars are people who
belonged to religious orders
but lived and worked
among the general public
• Francis of Assisi was the first
to decide to be a monk but
live among the people,
therefore creating the order
of the friars
22. Why were universities built?
• Created by the church to
teach about religion
• Others created by groups of
students who went
searching for teachers who
could tell them about the
world
23. Who was Thomas Aquinas?
24. Define natural law
• A teacher at the University
of Paris
• Argued that rational
thought could be used to
support Christian beliefs
• He wrote an argument to
prove the existence of God
• A God created law that
Thomas Aquinas came up
with that governed how
the world operated
25. Describe religious
architecture
• Gothic Cathedrals
• Stained glass windows
26. Describe religious art
• Ornate paintings and
tapestries covered the walls
and ceilings
• The priests robes were
highly decorative
• Books were decorative as
well
Section Four: Social and Political Changes
27. What is Magna Carta?
28. What is parliament?
• In 1215 a group of nobles
wanted to force the king to
respect their rights and had
King John sign this
document that listed rights
the king could not ignore
• A council of nobles that was
created to advise the king
29. What limits on the king did
the Magna Carta create?
30. What was the Hundreds Year
War?
• The right of “habeas
corpus” that means you can
not be jailed without a
reason
• Required that everyone
(even the king) had to obey
the law
• A long conflict between
England and France because
the King of France died and
a French man and the King
of England claimed the
throne
31. Who was Joan of Arc?
• A peasant girl who rallied
the French to fight the
English
• She said she was told by
God to fight and they would
win, the French did win
• She was later burned for
being a witch
32. How did the governments in
France and England change after
the war?
• England~ parliaments
power grew and the king
lost power
• France~ kings power grew,
the nobles liked him and
supported him
33. What was the Black Death?
• A deadly plague that swept
through Europe between 1347
and 1351
• Carried by fleas on rats, started in
Asia and were on trading ships
34. What effects did the Black
Death have on Europe?
• Millions died (between one
third and one half the
population of European cities)
• Manor systems fell apart (not
enough people to work the
fields)
• Europe’s cities grew because
peasants skills were in demand
so they moved to the city
where they could make money
Section Five: Challenges to the Church Authority
35. Define heresy
• Religious ideas that oppose
accepted church teachings
36. How did church leaders try to
fight heresy?
• Church leaders sent priests
and friars out to look for
heretics
• They tortured people until
they confessed (even if they
were innocent)
• People found guilty of
heresy were fined,
imprisoned, or killed
37. Define Reconquista
• Christian efforts to retake Spain
from the Moors (Muslims)
• By 1250 the Christians had driven
out most of the Moors out of
Europe
38. Who were King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella?
• Ferdinand was the prince of
Aragon and Isabella was a
Castillian princess, they
married and created the
country of Spain
• They ended the Reconquista
and required all Jews to
convert in to Christianity or
leave the country
• They banned Islam as well
• Made all of Spain Christian
39. What was the Spanish
Inquisition?
40. How were the Jews discriminated
against in the Middle Ages?
• An organization of priests
that looked for and
punished anyone in Spain
suspected of secretly
practicing their old religion
(Judaism or Islam)
• If found guilty you were
publicly executed, mostly
burned at stake
• 2,000 were executed in
Spain and 1,400 in Portugal
• Blamed for the death of Jesus
• Blamed for the arrival of the
Black Death
• Forced to leave their countries
• Sometimes killed for their beliefs