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CP Biology Name _____________________________ Date: _______ 2B Biochemistry 1 Study Guide 1. Organic compounds- contain both ___C_ & __H___. Found in living but not nonliving. 2. Inorganic compounds- contain C, OR H, or neither. Found in BOTH living and nonliving. 3. The most common elements in living things are C, H, O, N, P 4. Carbon is so interesting/versatile because it: - Has four valence electrons, makes four bonds - Can bond to other carbons forming carbon chains - Carbon- carbon bonds can be single, double or triple covalent - Can bend into rings of carbon 5. In general, macromolecules are polymers that are built from monomers. This process is called polymerization. 6. The specific chemical reaction that links the monomers together is called dehydration ___synthesis_________. - Linking the monomers requires a water molecule to be removed. - The H and OH removed to form the water molecule comes from the Hydroxyl groups of the monomers next to each other. 7. To remove monomers from a polymer, hydrolysis occurs. - The water molecule must be put back so each monomer can stand alone. 8. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis build up and break down ALL types of macromolecules. 9. Macromolecule Carbohydrates Monomer (Building Blocks) monosaccharide Polymer Foods polysaccharide Fruit, veg, grains, flours Lipids Glycerol & 3 fatty acids triglyceride __fats_, __oils__ Nucleic Acids nucleotides Nucleic acids ALL once living things Proteins Amino acids polypeptide Meat, beans, soy CARBOHYDRATES: 10. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio 11. Monosaccharides- monomer (simple sugars). Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose 12. Which monosaccharides in #11 are isomers? How do you know? Glucose, fructose, galactose. Same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms/dif. functions 13. Disaccharides- contain two monosaccharides- still simple sugars. Examples: sucrose, lactose Sucrose is __glucose____ + ____fructose_____ Lactose is ___glucose_____ + ___galactose____ Sucrose 14. What process puts the monosaccharides together to make a disaccharide? Dehydration synthesis 15. Why is the formula for sucrose C12H22O11? When glucose and fructose are added together by dehydration synthesis, a H2O is removed so the formula would not simply be found by adding C6H12O6 from glucose to C6H12O6 of fructose. 2 H’s and an O must be removed to get the correct formula. 16. Polysaccharides- large molecules formed from the dehydration synthesis of many monosaccharides. 17. Examples of polysaccharides: glycogen, ___starch___, and cellulose. Glycogen Starch Cellulose glucose glucose glucose Monomer? animals General organism type that makes this compound. Function Storage- extra glucose plants Storage- extra glucose plants Structure- builds cell walls LIPIDS 18. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 19. Not soluble in ___water____. 20. Types of lipids A. Fats- ___triglycerides____ Examples: solids from animals like butter, lard B. Oils- ___ triglycerides ___ Examples: liquids like vegetable oils C. Waxes- bees wax, ear wax, leaf coatings D. Steroids- cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone E. Phospholipids- create the cell membrane 21. Triglycerides: made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules 22. Fatty acids may be: Saturated Monounsaturated Definition All carbons in chain connected by single bonds Characteristics Solid, maximum number of hydrogens, not heart healthy Carbon chain with 1 carbon=carbon double bond Liquids, fewer hydrogens, more heart healthy Drawing Polyunsaturated Carbon chain with more than one C=C double bond Liquids, even fewer hydrogens, most heart healthy 23. Which fatty acids make the most heart healthy triglycerides? polyunsaturated 24. To create a triglyceride, you have to add 3 fatty acids to the glycerol molecule. What process will do this? ________dehydration synthesis_____ - How many water molecules will it remove? ____3____ - How would you break down the triglyceride? Hydrolysis 3 water molecules needed 25. More double bonds between carbons in a fatty acid means it is polyunsaturated, and a liquid at room temp. SATURATED fatty acids will be __solids___ at room temp. NUCLEIC ACIDS 26. The elements found in nucleic acids are _C__, __H__, __O_, __N__, __P__. 27. The monomer of nucleic acids is the _____Nucleotide___. A picture of a nucleotide is to the right. Each has three parts, the: - ____nitrogenous base_______ - ______5-carbon sugar_________ and - _______phosphate group__________ 28. DNA has the sugar ____deoxyribose________. 29. RNA has the sugar _____ribose________________. FOODS LAB REVIEW (use your Foods Lab worksheets) 30. Test Indicator Molecule it Identifies Benedict’s Simple sugar Iodine Starch (complex carb) lipids Paper Bag Color if Negative Result blue Brown/orange No color change/not greasy Color if Positive Result Green, orange, red Purple/black Food that would be positive soda Potato chips Darkened/Greasy Fatty or oily paper food Biuret protein Light blue Lavender Meat, beans, soy FOOD LABELS REVIEW (Use the Food Label Analysis worksheet) 31. What ingredients would tell you carbohydrates are in the food? Simple- sugar, honey, corn syrup, fruit juice, words ending in “ose” Complex- grains (rice, wheat), potatoes, flour, starch 32. What ingredients would tell you lipids are in the food? Fat, lard, all oils, fatty meats 33. How could you look at two nutrition labels and tell which food is more heart healthy? Lower saturated fat means more heart healthy. Higher saturated fat means unhealthy/not heart healthy.
