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C H A P T E R 3 biochemistry Atomic Structure: Protons = Electrons = Neutrons = Mass = Valence Electrons = Currently unstable Needs to obtain, give, or share 4 electrons to become stable. METHANE VERSATILITY OF CARBON Can form single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, or a combination those bonds. 2 Types of Hydrocarbons: 1. Aromatics = contain a benzene ring 2. Aliphatics = no benzene ring Both of the above pictures demonstrate aromatic hydrocarbons since they contain a benzene ring in their structure and contain only hydrogen and carbon Alkenes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with at least one double bond Alkynes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond Alkanes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with all single bonds 1 3 2 4 = synthesis of polymer by removing water = breakdown of polymer by adding water INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW What are organic compounds? By what process do monomers become polymers? What has to be removed? By what process do polymers become monomers? What has to be added? There are 4 main groups of organic molecules essential to life: CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, and NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES Elements = Monomers = Monosaccharides General Formula = Have a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O) Straight chain or ring structure GLUCOSE – FRUCTOSE - GALACTOSE Isomers = same formula, different structure Formula = C6H12O6 DISACCHARIDES Disaccharide means… 2 sugars are joined by what process? What had been removed to allow the disaccharide to form? Sucrose (ordinary table sugar) = one glucose and one fructose Lactose (milk sugar) = one glucose, one galactose Maltose (malt sugar) = 2 glucose DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (CONDENSATION REACTION) FOR SUCROSE POLYSACCHARIDES Many sugars Cellulose Made by plants Makes up 50% of wood Cell wall of plants Thousands of glucose in a long chain Starch Made by plants Glycogen Hundreds of glucose branched Stored in animal cells PROTEINS Elements = Common examples…. Monomers = Many amino acids join in order to form a polymer General Structure of an amino acid: Carboxyl group Amino group Hydrogen ‘R’ group DIPEPTIDES What is a dipeptide? Where is the peptide bond? Dehydration Synthesis or Hydrolysis?? POLYPEPTIDES What is a polypeptide?? Dehydration synthesis or Hydrolysis?? Lock and Key Model LIPIDS Elements = Groups of Lipids = triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, steroid Nonpolar (do not dissolve in water) Store energy effectively in C-H bonds FATTY ACIDS SATURATED / UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Monounsaturated vs. Polyunsaturated Saturated fats are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature (such as plant oils). TRIGLYCERIDES A saturated or unsaturated triglyceride? Before After Unsaturated Liquid Cis Saturated Solid Trans 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids Phospholipids = 2 fatty acids joined to glycerol 2 layers of phospholipids make up the cell membrane = lipid bilayer Phospholipid bilayer = barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Most of the body is water, the cell membrane is lipid…..lipids do not dissolve in water, so barrier forms. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Glycerol with a phosphate and 2 fatty acids = PHOSPHOLIPID PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (THE CELL MEMBRANE) Head = polar, hydrophilic Tail = non-polar, hydrophobic 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids Wax = carboxylic acid chain (fatty acid) joined to alcohol chain (-OH) Wax = water-proof, protective covering 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids