Download Español II- Repaso del examen final

Español II- Repaso del examen final
1. SER VS. ESTAR
Ser and Estar are verbs that both mean “to be”. However, they are used very differently.
A. Ser- is used for more permanent states of being. One way to remember the use of Ser is with the acronym DIDOP.
D- Description (physical features and personality traits)
I- Identity (race, religion, nationality, status, affiliation, gender)
D- Date and Time (telling time and saying the date, year, month, season)
O- Origin (saying where you are from- use with the word “de”)
P- Profession (your job and/or title...do not use with articles Ex: Yo soy profesora)
SER- to be
Yo soy
Nosotros somos
Tú eres
Vosotros sois
Él
Ella Es
Usted
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
Son
B. ESTAR- also means “to be”, but is used for less permanent states of being- specifically for feelings and location (which always change)
“What you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR”
Estar- to be
Yo estoy
Nosotros estamos
Tú estás
Vosotros estais
Él
Ella
Usted
está
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
están
** Do not forget accent marks! Without them you are changing the meaning of the words! **
C. ESTAR EXPRESSIONS
The following are expressions that use the verb Estar. Remember that you must conjugate Estar for your subject.
Estar + Bien/ mal - to be (feeling) good or bad
Estar + Sucio/ limpio - to be dirty/ clean
Estar + Enfermo/a - to be sick
Estar + Listo/a - to be ready
Estar + Cansado/a - to be tired
Estar + Caliente/ frío - to be warm/ cold (to the touch)
Estar + Abierto/ cerrado - to be open/ closed
Estar + Nervioso/a - to be nervous
Estar + Triste - to be sad
Example: Ella está contenta hoy - she is happy today
Estar + Contento/a - to be content and happy
2. TENER
Tener is an irregular verb that means “to have”.
We use tener to show possession and also to state our age.
Tener is a yo-go verb…. Meaning that there is a “go” in the “yo” form.
Tener is also a stem changing verb in the present tense.
e  ie when conjugated in all forms except the nosotros form!
Tener- to have
Yo tengo
Nosotros tenemos
Tú tienes
Vosotros teneis
Él
Ella
Usted
tiene
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
tienen
Example: Yo tengo 18 años – I am 18 years old. (Literal: I have 18 years)
Tener Expressions
Many expressions use the verb Tener. Remember that you must conjugate Tener for your subject
Tener + Miedo – to be afraid
Tener + Hambre- to be hungry
Tener + Prisa – to be in a hurry
Tener + Dolor- to have pain
Tener + Cuidado – to be careful
Tener + que – to have to
Tener + Suerte – to be lucky
Tener + Sed – to be thirsty
3. Possessive Adjectives
Mi/ mis – my
Tu/ tus – your
Su/ sus - his/ her/ your (formal)
Nuestro/ nuestra/ nuestros/ nuestras – our
Vuestro/ vuestra/ vuestros/ vuestras - all of your (informal)
Su/ sus – their/ all of your (forma
**Be sure that your possession words match in gender and number to the item(s) which are being possessed. **
Example:
Nuestra abuela se llama Rosa. – Our grandmother is named Rosa.
Sus sombreros son rojos. – Their hats are red.
Nuestros amigos son viejos. – Our friends are old.
4. Yo- Go and Irregular “yo” forms
In the present tense, there are many verbs which have an irregular “yo” form. Some of these are called “yo-go” verbs because they have a “go” in the yo
form.
Tener- tengo
Hacer- hago
Estar- estoy
Salir- salgo
Poner- pongo
Dar- doy
Venir- vengo
Ir- voy
Decir- digo
Oír- oigo
Ser- soy
5. Stem-Changing Verbs (present tense)
Infinitive: An un-conjugated verb that still has its –ar, -er, or –ir ending
Stem: What is left after we drop our ending; the root of the verb
Ending: has to be either –ar, -er, or –ir when un-conjugated
Stem-changing verbs in the present tense verbs that require another step when conjugating them. This means that after you drop off your ending, you
must make a spelling change in the stem before you add your ending.
**The only forms that do not stem change are the nosotros and vosotros forms!** (boot verbs)
There are three types of stem-changers:
e  ie (if there is more an 1 e in the verb, usually the second one changes)
ei
o  ue
Here is a list of common stem-changing verbs (In the present tense):
e ie
O ue
Tener
Almorzar
Venir
Dormir
Empezar
Poder
Despertarse
Costar
Pensar
Acostarse
Nevar
Llover
Preferir
Example: Ella almuerza en el café.
e i
Pedir
Decir
Vestirse
** Jugar- u changes to ue**
6. Reflexives Verbs
Are verbs in which the subject is also receiving the action…. In other words, they are verbs or actions that one does to oneself.
You can tell that a verb is reflexive when it has a “se” attached to the end of an infinitive
Example: Ducharse
There are 2 parts to a reflexive verb:
1) A reflexive pronoun (states the person who receives the action)
2) The verb (the action)
Reflexive Pronouns
Me
Nos
Te
Os
Se
Se
To conjugate a reflexive verb:
1. Move the “se” off the infinitive and move it to the front
2. Change the “se” to the appropriate reflexive pronoun to match its subject
3. Conjugate the reflexive verb according to the subject (be careful for stem changing reflexive verbs + be sure to use the correct tense)
Example: ducharse (yo)
1.
Yo se duchar
2.
Yo me duchar
3.
Yo me ducho – I shower (myself)
Reflexives in the Infinitive
When reflexive verbs directly follow another verb or the words “antes de” (before) and “despúes de” (after) you must leave the verb in the infinitive but
change the pronoun attached on the end to match its subject.
Example:
Me gusta bañarme – I like to bathe
Antes de ducharme, yo me seco.
Despúes de cepillarnos, nosotros nos arreglamos.
7. Direct Object Pronouns. The DOPs are as follows:
DOP
English meaning
me
te
lo/la
nos
los/las
me
you (fam.)
him/her/Ud./it
us
them/Uds./them
Note gender agreement is required
Note gender agreement is required
Remember, a DOP answers the question “What (or, sometimes, whom)?” In the sentence, “I threw it to him,” the word “it” is acting as a DOP (Threw what?
Threw it!). For the Spanish II final, you should focus on studying the forms for “it” (lo and la) and “them” (los and las).
8. Indirect Object Pronouns. The IDOPs are as follows:
IDOP
English meaning
me
te
le (se)
nos
les (se)
To/for me
To/for you (fam.)
To/for him/her/Ud. Note se stands in for le in some cases (see below)
To/for us
To/for them/Uds.
Note se stands in for les in some cases (see below)
Remember, an IDOP answers the question “To or for whom?” with respect to the verb. In the sentence, “I threw it to him,” the word “him” is acting as an
IDOP (Threw to whom? To him!)
Many important Spanish verbs take IDOPs. The most common one is gustar (“to be pleasing to”). Note that, with this and similar verbs, the conjugation of
the verb tells us what is pleasing to somebody, and is usually in third person singular or third person plural (me gusta = “it pleases me,” me gustan = “they
please me”)
9. Gustar
Gustar is also a unique verb. There are only 2 forms of Gustar in any tense that you may use … a singular conjugation and a plural (3rd person) conjugation.
Gustar literally means “to be pleasing to” however we usually translate it to “to like”.
Gustar also uses pronouns when conjugated- this tells us who the item or activity is pleasing to.
Pronouns
Gusta: 1 noun or an infinitive
Me
Nos
Te
Os
Le
Les
(libro, nadar, tenis)
Some “gustar” verbs
Quedar
Hacer falta
Encantar
Parecer
Molestar
Importar
Doler
Or
Gustan: 2+ nouns
(las películas, las clases)
*To specify a subject or to add emphasis, you must add a personal “a” before your subject. Note that the “yo” and “tú” forms are a little different.*
A mi me….
A ellos/ ellas/ ustedes les…
A ti te….
A María le…
A él/ ella/ usted le…
A los estudiantes les….
A nosotros nos….
A pablo y yo nos…
A vosotros os….
Examples:
A mí me gustan los zapatos - I like the shoes
A Ricardo le gusta el professor – Ricardo likes the teacher
10. The verb IR
Ir is an irregular verb which means “to go”. You can also use Ir to express an idea in the future (simple future tense) by stating that you are going to do
something.
The verb Ir is almost always followed by “a” which means “to”
IR- to go
Yo voy
Nosotros vamos
Tú vas
Vosotros vais
Él
Ella
Usted
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
va
van
The formula for stating an action you will do in the future is:
Ir + a + infinitive
Example: Ellos van a dormir- they are going to slee
11. The Preterite (Past) Tense
The preterite is one of two past tenses. The preterite is used for actions that happened in the past during a certain time period and which are completed.
There is a definite beginning and an end to the action. Think of the preterite as a snapshot. The endings for regular preterite verbs are as follows:
-AR
-ER/IR
é
amos
í
imos
aste
asteis
iste
isteis
ó
aron
ió
** Be sure to always include your accent marks! They are very important to the meaning of the verb!**
ieron
One rule to remember: If a verb stem-changes in the present, do not stem change it in the preterite! (unless there is an exception)
Example: Yo pienso - I think
Yo pensé - I thought
12. -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR verbs
Verbs that have these specific endings are slightly different in the preterite tense. These changes occur only in the “YO” FORM!
-CAR : c changes to a qu
yo toque el piano.
-GAR : g changes to a gu
yo jugué los deportes.
-ZAR : z changes to a c
yo amorcé en la cocina.
13. Ser and Ir in the preterite
Are irregular verbs without accents. These 2 verbs are conjugated the same way…. speakers will know which verb you are using by the context of your
sentence.
Ser and IR
Examples:
fui
fuimos
fuiste
fuisteis
fue
fueron
Ella fue al parque.
El viaje fue un desastre
She went to the park
The trip was a disaster.
14. Irregular Preterite
The following verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. You must memorize their stem-changes. Once you have changed the stem, simply put on the
preterite endings you have learned.
Verb:
Stem:
Estar
estuvTener
tuvHacer preterite 3rd
Poner
pusform hizo
Poder
pudHacer
hicDecir
dijQuerer
quisSaber
supVenir
vinDar
di
* is an –AR verb with –ER endings
15. IMPERFECT
The imperfect is one of two simple past tense forms that exist in Spanish. (The other is the preterite). The imperfect is used to talk about actions that
were in progress in the past, or that occurred regularly or habitually in the past. These uses of the imperfect are often translated into English using the
term “used to.”
Example:
Cuando yo era niño, jugaba en el parque todos los sábados.
When I was a boy, I used to play in the park every Saturday.
When used with the preterite, the imperfect describes the “background action,” and the preterite is used for the specific action or event that in some sense
interrupted the background action.
Example:
Marta jugaba al fútbol cuando ocurrió el accidente.
Marta was playing soccer when the accident occurred.
To describe two actions that were going on at the same time in the past – one was happening while the other was happening – you would normally use the
imperfect tense for both.
Example:
Mi papá lavaba los platos mientras mi mamá los secaba.
My dad washed the dishes while my mom dried them.
For verbs that are regular in the imperfect (and almost all are regular), you drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and add these endings:
-AR verbs
-ER and –IR verbs
-aba
-ía
-abas
-ías
-aba
-ía
-ábamos
-íamos
-aban
-ían
Only three important verbs are irregular in the imperfect (you must memorize these forms):
ser
ir
ver
era
iba
veía
eras
ibas
veías
era
iba
veía
éramos
íbamos
veíamos
eran
iban
veían
16. THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The progressive tenses are very much like their English counterparts. The present progressive is used to talk about what is happening NOW (e.g., I am
speaking, you are eating, etc.). Here’s the formula:
Present progressive = present tense conjugation of estar + present participle
Hablar
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
Comer
Estás comiendo. You are eating.
Leer
Ellos están leyendo. They are reading.
Note that for verbs like leer, the rule stated above would give us three vowels in a row in the ending (“-eiendo”). In such cases, change the “i” to “y”
(e.g., leyendo, oyendo, construyendo, etc.).
17. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EXPRESSIONS
To talk about the differences between people and things, use the expressions más ____ que and menos ____ que. An adjective, noun or adverb can go in
the blank. Here are some examples of the so-called comparisons of inequality:
Anita es más alta que Juan.
Anita is taller than Juan.
Jorge es menos generoso que Carlos
Jorge is less generous than Carlos.
Yo leo más libros que Marta.
I read more book than Marta.
Ella trabaja menos cuidadosamente que yo.
She works less carefully than I.
To say that someone or something does or is the “most” of something, we use a superlative expression. The superlative is formed by using the
appropriate form of “the” (el/la/los/las) plus más with the adjective, followed by de (literally, “of”). Note: use de, NOT en. Examples:
Susana es la muchacha más aplicada de la clase. (S. is the most studious girl in the class.)
“Borat” es la película más cómica del año. (It’s the funniest movie of the year.)
The adjectives bueno and malo have special comparative and superlative forms:
bueno/buena
mejor (better)
el/la mejor (the best)
malo/mala
peor (worse)
el/la peor (the worst)
Examples:
Ricardo escribe peor que yo.
Ricardo writes worse than I do.
Shakira es la mejor cantante del mundo.
Shakira is the best singer in the world.
We use comparisons of equality to talk about things that are the same in quality or quantity. To compare equal qualities, use tan ____ como; to compare
equal quantities, use tanto/a/os/as ____ como. For example:
Sandra es tan atlética como Ana.
Sandra is as athletic as Ana.
Sandra tiene tantas medallas como Ana
Sandra has as many medals as Ana.
Hint: to remember the difference between tan and tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas, remember: tan and “as” are both very short words, and
tanto/tanta/etc. and “as much/many as” are both longer expressions.
Note that you have to use the correct form of tanto/a/os/as to agree in number and gender with the noun it modifies. (Tengo tanta lechuga como tú,
tengo tantos libros como tú, etc.)
18. EL IMPERATIVO -- COMMANDS IN SPANISH
The command form of Spanish verbs is called el imperativo (the word for “command” is el mandato. The tú commands have different forms depending
on whether they are affirmative (you’re telling someone to do something) or negative (you’re telling someone NOT to do something). Most affirmative tú
commands use the same form as the third-person singular (“he/she/usted”) conjugation of the verb. This means that stem-changing verbs DO HAVE
the stem change in the informal commands. Here are some examples (note the stem change in the last two):
Hablar
Habla con el professor.
(Speak with the professor.)
Comer
Come la ensalada.
(Eat the salad.)
Escribir
Escribe la carta.
(Write the letter.)
Cerrar
Cierra la puerta.
(Shut the door.)
Dormir
Duerme ocho horas.
(Sleep [for] eight hours.)
Certain very common verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms. As you’ll recall, these are the ones for which we learned the little song
or chant.
Poner
pon
(put)
Decir
di
(say, tell)
Tener
ten
(have)
Salir
sal
(leave, go out [with])
Venir
ven
(come)
Ser
sé
(be) NOTE ACCENT!!
Hacer
haz
(do, make)
Ir
ve
(go)
If regular, all negative tú commands can be formed by using the following three-step procedure:
1.
Take the present-tense yo form of the verb.
Ex.:
hablo
2.
Drop the final –o.
Ex.:
habl3.
Add endings featuring the “opposite” theme vowel. Ex.:
no hables (neg. tú)
19. Don’t Forget….
A. Date and time: always use ser
Es la una- it is 1:00
Son las ____________ - it is ___________ (use for all other times)
Media- :30
Cuarto- :15
Mediodía- noon
Medianoche- midnight
De la mañana- in the a.m
De la tarde- in the afternoon
De la noche- in the evening or night
Reloj- clock/ watch
¿Qué hora es? – what time is it
¿ A qué hora….” At what time ….
B. Important gender info:
Hombre- man
Mujer- woman
Chico- boy
Chica- girl
C. Articles:
Definite “the”
El
La
Los
Las
D. Colors:
Rojo
Azul
Verde
Blanco
Negro
Niña- female child
Niño- male child
Indefinite “a/ some”
Un
Una
Unos
Unas
Amarillo
Anaranjado
Gris
Violeta
Rosado
Cafe
Oro
Plata
Marrón
E. Weather/ Seasons (El tiempo y las estaciones)
¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather like?
Hace…
Sol
Llueve
Viento
Nieva
Buen tiempo
está nublado
Mal tiempo
Calor
Frío
Fresco
F. Las 4 estaciones:
La primavera
El invierno
(never capitalize these)
El verano
El ontoño
G. Question words:
¿Quién? – who
¿Por qué? – why
¿ Qué?- what
¿ Dónde? – where
¿A dónde?- to where
¿ Cuál?- which
¿De dónde? – from where
¿Cómo? – how
¿Cuándo?- when
¿Cuántos?- how many/ much