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Español II- Repaso del examen final 1. SER VS. ESTAR Ser and Estar are verbs that both mean “to be”. However, they are used very differently. A. Ser- is used for more permanent states of being. One way to remember the use of Ser is with the acronym DIDOP. D- Description (physical features and personality traits) I- Identity (race, religion, nationality, status, affiliation, gender) D- Date and Time (telling time and saying the date, year, month, season) O- Origin (saying where you are from- use with the word “de”) P- Profession (your job and/or title...do not use with articles Ex: Yo soy profesora) SER- to be Yo soy Nosotros somos Tú eres Vosotros sois Él Ella Es Usted Ellos Ellas Ustedes Son B. ESTAR- also means “to be”, but is used for less permanent states of being- specifically for feelings and location (which always change) “What you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR” Estar- to be Yo estoy Nosotros estamos Tú estás Vosotros estais Él Ella Usted está Ellos Ellas Ustedes están ** Do not forget accent marks! Without them you are changing the meaning of the words! ** C. ESTAR EXPRESSIONS The following are expressions that use the verb Estar. Remember that you must conjugate Estar for your subject. Estar + Bien/ mal - to be (feeling) good or bad Estar + Sucio/ limpio - to be dirty/ clean Estar + Enfermo/a - to be sick Estar + Listo/a - to be ready Estar + Cansado/a - to be tired Estar + Caliente/ frío - to be warm/ cold (to the touch) Estar + Abierto/ cerrado - to be open/ closed Estar + Nervioso/a - to be nervous Estar + Triste - to be sad Example: Ella está contenta hoy - she is happy today Estar + Contento/a - to be content and happy 2. TENER Tener is an irregular verb that means “to have”. We use tener to show possession and also to state our age. Tener is a yo-go verb…. Meaning that there is a “go” in the “yo” form. Tener is also a stem changing verb in the present tense. e ie when conjugated in all forms except the nosotros form! Tener- to have Yo tengo Nosotros tenemos Tú tienes Vosotros teneis Él Ella Usted tiene Ellos Ellas Ustedes tienen Example: Yo tengo 18 años – I am 18 years old. (Literal: I have 18 years) Tener Expressions Many expressions use the verb Tener. Remember that you must conjugate Tener for your subject Tener + Miedo – to be afraid Tener + Hambre- to be hungry Tener + Prisa – to be in a hurry Tener + Dolor- to have pain Tener + Cuidado – to be careful Tener + que – to have to Tener + Suerte – to be lucky Tener + Sed – to be thirsty 3. Possessive Adjectives Mi/ mis – my Tu/ tus – your Su/ sus - his/ her/ your (formal) Nuestro/ nuestra/ nuestros/ nuestras – our Vuestro/ vuestra/ vuestros/ vuestras - all of your (informal) Su/ sus – their/ all of your (forma **Be sure that your possession words match in gender and number to the item(s) which are being possessed. ** Example: Nuestra abuela se llama Rosa. – Our grandmother is named Rosa. Sus sombreros son rojos. – Their hats are red. Nuestros amigos son viejos. – Our friends are old. 4. Yo- Go and Irregular “yo” forms In the present tense, there are many verbs which have an irregular “yo” form. Some of these are called “yo-go” verbs because they have a “go” in the yo form. Tener- tengo Hacer- hago Estar- estoy Salir- salgo Poner- pongo Dar- doy Venir- vengo Ir- voy Decir- digo Oír- oigo Ser- soy 5. Stem-Changing Verbs (present tense) Infinitive: An un-conjugated verb that still has its –ar, -er, or –ir ending Stem: What is left after we drop our ending; the root of the verb Ending: has to be either –ar, -er, or –ir when un-conjugated Stem-changing verbs in the present tense verbs that require another step when conjugating them. This means that after you drop off your ending, you must make a spelling change in the stem before you add your ending. **The only forms that do not stem change are the nosotros and vosotros forms!** (boot verbs) There are three types of stem-changers: e ie (if there is more an 1 e in the verb, usually the second one changes) ei o ue Here is a list of common stem-changing verbs (In the present tense): e ie O ue Tener Almorzar Venir Dormir Empezar Poder Despertarse Costar Pensar Acostarse Nevar Llover Preferir Example: Ella almuerza en el café. e i Pedir Decir Vestirse ** Jugar- u changes to ue** 6. Reflexives Verbs Are verbs in which the subject is also receiving the action…. In other words, they are verbs or actions that one does to oneself. You can tell that a verb is reflexive when it has a “se” attached to the end of an infinitive Example: Ducharse There are 2 parts to a reflexive verb: 1) A reflexive pronoun (states the person who receives the action) 2) The verb (the action) Reflexive Pronouns Me Nos Te Os Se Se To conjugate a reflexive verb: 1. Move the “se” off the infinitive and move it to the front 2. Change the “se” to the appropriate reflexive pronoun to match its subject 3. Conjugate the reflexive verb according to the subject (be careful for stem changing reflexive verbs + be sure to use the correct tense) Example: ducharse (yo) 1. Yo se duchar 2. Yo me duchar 3. Yo me ducho – I shower (myself) Reflexives in the Infinitive When reflexive verbs directly follow another verb or the words “antes de” (before) and “despúes de” (after) you must leave the verb in the infinitive but change the pronoun attached on the end to match its subject. Example: Me gusta bañarme – I like to bathe Antes de ducharme, yo me seco. Despúes de cepillarnos, nosotros nos arreglamos. 7. Direct Object Pronouns. The DOPs are as follows: DOP English meaning me te lo/la nos los/las me you (fam.) him/her/Ud./it us them/Uds./them Note gender agreement is required Note gender agreement is required Remember, a DOP answers the question “What (or, sometimes, whom)?” In the sentence, “I threw it to him,” the word “it” is acting as a DOP (Threw what? Threw it!). For the Spanish II final, you should focus on studying the forms for “it” (lo and la) and “them” (los and las). 8. Indirect Object Pronouns. The IDOPs are as follows: IDOP English meaning me te le (se) nos les (se) To/for me To/for you (fam.) To/for him/her/Ud. Note se stands in for le in some cases (see below) To/for us To/for them/Uds. Note se stands in for les in some cases (see below) Remember, an IDOP answers the question “To or for whom?” with respect to the verb. In the sentence, “I threw it to him,” the word “him” is acting as an IDOP (Threw to whom? To him!) Many important Spanish verbs take IDOPs. The most common one is gustar (“to be pleasing to”). Note that, with this and similar verbs, the conjugation of the verb tells us what is pleasing to somebody, and is usually in third person singular or third person plural (me gusta = “it pleases me,” me gustan = “they please me”) 9. Gustar Gustar is also a unique verb. There are only 2 forms of Gustar in any tense that you may use … a singular conjugation and a plural (3rd person) conjugation. Gustar literally means “to be pleasing to” however we usually translate it to “to like”. Gustar also uses pronouns when conjugated- this tells us who the item or activity is pleasing to. Pronouns Gusta: 1 noun or an infinitive Me Nos Te Os Le Les (libro, nadar, tenis) Some “gustar” verbs Quedar Hacer falta Encantar Parecer Molestar Importar Doler Or Gustan: 2+ nouns (las películas, las clases) *To specify a subject or to add emphasis, you must add a personal “a” before your subject. Note that the “yo” and “tú” forms are a little different.* A mi me…. A ellos/ ellas/ ustedes les… A ti te…. A María le… A él/ ella/ usted le… A los estudiantes les…. A nosotros nos…. A pablo y yo nos… A vosotros os…. Examples: A mí me gustan los zapatos - I like the shoes A Ricardo le gusta el professor – Ricardo likes the teacher 10. The verb IR Ir is an irregular verb which means “to go”. You can also use Ir to express an idea in the future (simple future tense) by stating that you are going to do something. The verb Ir is almost always followed by “a” which means “to” IR- to go Yo voy Nosotros vamos Tú vas Vosotros vais Él Ella Usted Ellos Ellas Ustedes va van The formula for stating an action you will do in the future is: Ir + a + infinitive Example: Ellos van a dormir- they are going to slee 11. The Preterite (Past) Tense The preterite is one of two past tenses. The preterite is used for actions that happened in the past during a certain time period and which are completed. There is a definite beginning and an end to the action. Think of the preterite as a snapshot. The endings for regular preterite verbs are as follows: -AR -ER/IR é amos í imos aste asteis iste isteis ó aron ió ** Be sure to always include your accent marks! They are very important to the meaning of the verb!** ieron One rule to remember: If a verb stem-changes in the present, do not stem change it in the preterite! (unless there is an exception) Example: Yo pienso - I think Yo pensé - I thought 12. -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR verbs Verbs that have these specific endings are slightly different in the preterite tense. These changes occur only in the “YO” FORM! -CAR : c changes to a qu yo toque el piano. -GAR : g changes to a gu yo jugué los deportes. -ZAR : z changes to a c yo amorcé en la cocina. 13. Ser and Ir in the preterite Are irregular verbs without accents. These 2 verbs are conjugated the same way…. speakers will know which verb you are using by the context of your sentence. Ser and IR Examples: fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron Ella fue al parque. El viaje fue un desastre She went to the park The trip was a disaster. 14. Irregular Preterite The following verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. You must memorize their stem-changes. Once you have changed the stem, simply put on the preterite endings you have learned. Verb: Stem: Estar estuvTener tuvHacer preterite 3rd Poner pusform hizo Poder pudHacer hicDecir dijQuerer quisSaber supVenir vinDar di * is an –AR verb with –ER endings 15. IMPERFECT The imperfect is one of two simple past tense forms that exist in Spanish. (The other is the preterite). The imperfect is used to talk about actions that were in progress in the past, or that occurred regularly or habitually in the past. These uses of the imperfect are often translated into English using the term “used to.” Example: Cuando yo era niño, jugaba en el parque todos los sábados. When I was a boy, I used to play in the park every Saturday. When used with the preterite, the imperfect describes the “background action,” and the preterite is used for the specific action or event that in some sense interrupted the background action. Example: Marta jugaba al fútbol cuando ocurrió el accidente. Marta was playing soccer when the accident occurred. To describe two actions that were going on at the same time in the past – one was happening while the other was happening – you would normally use the imperfect tense for both. Example: Mi papá lavaba los platos mientras mi mamá los secaba. My dad washed the dishes while my mom dried them. For verbs that are regular in the imperfect (and almost all are regular), you drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and add these endings: -AR verbs -ER and –IR verbs -aba -ía -abas -ías -aba -ía -ábamos -íamos -aban -ían Only three important verbs are irregular in the imperfect (you must memorize these forms): ser ir ver era iba veía eras ibas veías era iba veía éramos íbamos veíamos eran iban veían 16. THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE The progressive tenses are very much like their English counterparts. The present progressive is used to talk about what is happening NOW (e.g., I am speaking, you are eating, etc.). Here’s the formula: Present progressive = present tense conjugation of estar + present participle Hablar Estoy hablando. I am speaking. Comer Estás comiendo. You are eating. Leer Ellos están leyendo. They are reading. Note that for verbs like leer, the rule stated above would give us three vowels in a row in the ending (“-eiendo”). In such cases, change the “i” to “y” (e.g., leyendo, oyendo, construyendo, etc.). 17. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE EXPRESSIONS To talk about the differences between people and things, use the expressions más ____ que and menos ____ que. An adjective, noun or adverb can go in the blank. Here are some examples of the so-called comparisons of inequality: Anita es más alta que Juan. Anita is taller than Juan. Jorge es menos generoso que Carlos Jorge is less generous than Carlos. Yo leo más libros que Marta. I read more book than Marta. Ella trabaja menos cuidadosamente que yo. She works less carefully than I. To say that someone or something does or is the “most” of something, we use a superlative expression. The superlative is formed by using the appropriate form of “the” (el/la/los/las) plus más with the adjective, followed by de (literally, “of”). Note: use de, NOT en. Examples: Susana es la muchacha más aplicada de la clase. (S. is the most studious girl in the class.) “Borat” es la película más cómica del año. (It’s the funniest movie of the year.) The adjectives bueno and malo have special comparative and superlative forms: bueno/buena mejor (better) el/la mejor (the best) malo/mala peor (worse) el/la peor (the worst) Examples: Ricardo escribe peor que yo. Ricardo writes worse than I do. Shakira es la mejor cantante del mundo. Shakira is the best singer in the world. We use comparisons of equality to talk about things that are the same in quality or quantity. To compare equal qualities, use tan ____ como; to compare equal quantities, use tanto/a/os/as ____ como. For example: Sandra es tan atlética como Ana. Sandra is as athletic as Ana. Sandra tiene tantas medallas como Ana Sandra has as many medals as Ana. Hint: to remember the difference between tan and tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas, remember: tan and “as” are both very short words, and tanto/tanta/etc. and “as much/many as” are both longer expressions. Note that you have to use the correct form of tanto/a/os/as to agree in number and gender with the noun it modifies. (Tengo tanta lechuga como tú, tengo tantos libros como tú, etc.) 18. EL IMPERATIVO -- COMMANDS IN SPANISH The command form of Spanish verbs is called el imperativo (the word for “command” is el mandato. The tú commands have different forms depending on whether they are affirmative (you’re telling someone to do something) or negative (you’re telling someone NOT to do something). Most affirmative tú commands use the same form as the third-person singular (“he/she/usted”) conjugation of the verb. This means that stem-changing verbs DO HAVE the stem change in the informal commands. Here are some examples (note the stem change in the last two): Hablar Habla con el professor. (Speak with the professor.) Comer Come la ensalada. (Eat the salad.) Escribir Escribe la carta. (Write the letter.) Cerrar Cierra la puerta. (Shut the door.) Dormir Duerme ocho horas. (Sleep [for] eight hours.) Certain very common verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms. As you’ll recall, these are the ones for which we learned the little song or chant. Poner pon (put) Decir di (say, tell) Tener ten (have) Salir sal (leave, go out [with]) Venir ven (come) Ser sé (be) NOTE ACCENT!! Hacer haz (do, make) Ir ve (go) If regular, all negative tú commands can be formed by using the following three-step procedure: 1. Take the present-tense yo form of the verb. Ex.: hablo 2. Drop the final –o. Ex.: habl3. Add endings featuring the “opposite” theme vowel. Ex.: no hables (neg. tú) 19. Don’t Forget…. A. Date and time: always use ser Es la una- it is 1:00 Son las ____________ - it is ___________ (use for all other times) Media- :30 Cuarto- :15 Mediodía- noon Medianoche- midnight De la mañana- in the a.m De la tarde- in the afternoon De la noche- in the evening or night Reloj- clock/ watch ¿Qué hora es? – what time is it ¿ A qué hora….” At what time …. B. Important gender info: Hombre- man Mujer- woman Chico- boy Chica- girl C. Articles: Definite “the” El La Los Las D. Colors: Rojo Azul Verde Blanco Negro Niña- female child Niño- male child Indefinite “a/ some” Un Una Unos Unas Amarillo Anaranjado Gris Violeta Rosado Cafe Oro Plata Marrón E. Weather/ Seasons (El tiempo y las estaciones) ¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather like? Hace… Sol Llueve Viento Nieva Buen tiempo está nublado Mal tiempo Calor Frío Fresco F. Las 4 estaciones: La primavera El invierno (never capitalize these) El verano El ontoño G. Question words: ¿Quién? – who ¿Por qué? – why ¿ Qué?- what ¿ Dónde? – where ¿A dónde?- to where ¿ Cuál?- which ¿De dónde? – from where ¿Cómo? – how ¿Cuándo?- when ¿Cuántos?- how many/ much