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CHAPTER TWO PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The _____ system communicates by sending chemical messages throughout the body via the bloodstream. a. nervous b. endocrine Answer: b 2. c. limbic d. cognitive Type: definitional Chemical messengers that circulate through the blood system and affect the functioning or growth of parts of the body are a. hormones. b. white blood cells. Answer: a 3. Type: definitional Answer: d Page: 38 c. hypothalamus d. pituitary Type: conceptual Page: 38 The _____ gland in the brain sends a signal via gonadotropins to increase the production of sex hormones to adult levels. a. thyroid b. gonad Answer: d 5. c. myelins. d. laterals. Puberty begins when the _____ gland signals the sex glands to raise hormones to adult levels. a. thyroid b. gonad 4. Page: 38 c. hypothalamus d. pituitary Type: conceptual Page: 38 The gland that is sometimes referred to as the “master” gland is the _____ gland. a. thyroid b. gonad Answer: d c. hypothalamus d. pituitary Type: conceptual Page: 38-39 17 6. The main category of male hormones are a. estrogens. b. glucogens. Answer: d 7. c. insulins. d. androgens. Type: definitional The main category of female hormones are a. estrogens. b. glucogens. Answer: a 8. c. insulins. d. androgens. Type: definitional Answer: c c. testosterone. d. glucogen. Type: definitional Answer: b c. testosterone. d. glucogen. Type: definitional Page: 39 The pituitary gland works in tandem with the _____, the structure of the brain that monitors and regulates basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior. a. thyroid b. gonad Answer: c 11. Page: 39 One of the major estrogens is a. insulin. b. estradiol. 10. Page: 39 One of the major androgens is a. estrogen. b. estradiol. 9. Page: 39 c. hypothalamus d. pituitary Type: applied Page: 39 The function of the _____ is to monitor and regulate basic drives such as eating, drinking, selfprotection, and sexual behavior. a. thyroid b. gonad Answer: c c. hypothalamus d. pituitary Type: conceptual Page: 39 18 12. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates a. b. c. d. production of testosterone and estrogen. sperm production in males and follicle production in females. homeostasis and growth. the metabolic rate and the immune system. Answer: b 13. the production of testosterone and estrogen. the production of insulin and glucogen. homeostasis and growth. the metabolic rate and the immune system. Answer: a Type: definitional Answer: a c. infancy d. adolescent Type: conceptual Answer: d Type: conceptual c. only adults. d. everyone. Page: 40 Estrogens are in the bodies of a. only male children and adults. b. only female children and adults. Answer: d 17. Page: 40 Androgens are in the bodies of a. only male children and adults. b. only female children and adults. 16. Page: 40 Androgens and estrogens first begin playing a large role in development during the _____ period of development. a. prenatal b. late childhood 15. Page: 40 Lutenizing hormone (LH) regulates a. b. c. d. 14. Type: definitional Type: conceptual c. only adults. d. everyone. Page: 40 Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to _____ in males. a. depression b. anxiety Answer: c c. anger d. sadness Type: applied Page: 41 19 18. Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to _____ in females. a. depression b. sadness Answer: a 19. c. anger d. aggressiveness Type: applied Adolescents moods are affected by a. life events. b. hormones. Answer: d 20. c. family relationships. d. all of the above. Type: applied Answer: a c. endochronology. d. gonadarche. Type: applied Answer: d c. endochronology. d. gonadarche. Type: conceptual Page: 42 Leptin is a a. protein produced by fat cells. b. neurotransmitter. Answer: a 23. Page: 41 The actual beginning of puberty is marked by a. andrenarche. b. myelenation. 22. Page: 41 The hormonal change in the adrenal glands that begins around age 9, and sometimes earlier, is referred to as a. andrenarche. b. myelenation. 21. Page: 41 Type: definitional c. hormone produced by the pituitary gland. d. hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Page: 42 Dendrites are a. b. c. d. neurotransmitters. clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons. small gaps between neurons. Answer: b Type: definitional Page: 42 20 24. Axons are a. b. c. d. neurotransmitters. clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons. small gaps between neurons. Answer: c 25. neurotransmitters. clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons. long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons. small gaps between neurons. Answer: d Type: definitional Answer: b Page: 43 one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions. the prefrontal cortex over the subcortical levels of the brain. the subcortical levels over the cortical levels of the brain for basic functions. the frontal lobes over the parietal lobes of the brain for higher level cognitive functions. Answer: a Type: conceptual Page: 45 The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities? a. b. c. d. speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood Answer: a 29. Type: conceptual c. prefrontal cortex d. cerebral cortex Lateralization is the dominance of a. b. c. d. 28. Page: 42 Fundamental activities such as breathing and heart rate are regulated in the _____ of the brain. a. frontal lobes b. subcortical levels 27. Page: 42 Synapses are a. b. c. d. 26. Type: definitional Type: conceptual Page: 45 The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities? a. b. c. d. speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood Answer: b Type: conceptual Page: 45 21 30. Plasticity refers to the a. b. c. d. myelin coating on axons. ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching. ability of neurons to migrate. degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable. Answer: d 31. Type: conceptual The adolescent growth spurt refers to very rapid growth in _____ that occurs during adolescence. a. synaptic density b. the myelin coating of axons Answer: c 32. c. change in voice d. increased facial hair Type: applied Page: 51 Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? a. growth of penis b. increased body hair Answer: b c. growth of ovaries d. growth of testes Type: applied Page: 51 The Tanner stages are regular patterns of _____ that occur during adolescence. a. b. c. d. the development of secondary sex characteristics the development of primary sex characteristics cognitive development changes in hormone levels Answer: a 35. Page: 49 Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic? Answer: a 34. c. height and weight d. language development Type: conceptual a. growth of penis b. increased body hair 33. Page: 47 Type: definitional Page: 51 Menarche refers to a. b. c. d. increased activity of the adrenal glands. the onset of menstruation. rapid increase in levels of testosterone. an interruption in the HPG axis. Answer: b Type: definitional Page: 51 22 36. The secular trend refers to the trend of a. b. c. d. increased prevalence of immoral behaviors of adolescents. decrease in the average age of the onset of puberty. increased activity in the HPG axis during adolescence. increase in sexual awareness of adolescents. Answer: b 37. increased activity of the adrenal glands. a boy’s first ejaculation. a rapid increase in levels of testosterone. an interruption in the HPG axis. Answer: b Type: definitional pituitary activation. lower levels of adrenal gland activity. interruptions in the HPG axis. cultural meanings associated with pubertal changes. Answer: d Type: applied Answer: a Type: applied c. be less successful in athletics d. have more negative emotions Page: 53 Boys who mature later than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers. a. have fewer difficulties in school b. be more popular Answer: a 41. Page: 53 Boys who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers. a. have a more positive self-concept b. be less popular 40. Page: 52 Adolescents’ psychological reactions to the changes that occur during the onset of puberty are most likely related to a. b. c. d. 39. Page: 52 Spermarche refers to a. b. c. d. 38. Type: conceptual Type: applied c. be more successful in athletics d. have fewer negative emotions Page: 53 Girls who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers. a. b. c. d. be more ready for one-on-one dating situations be less sought after for dates experience less ridicule feel more uncomfortable and different Answer: d Type: applied Page: 54 23 42. Girls’ experiences with early maturation are largely determined by a. cultural norms and standards. b. interruptions in the HPG axis. Answer: a 43. Type: applied Answer: c Page: 56 Type: conceptual Page: 56 The rapid physical growth of adolescence is accompanied by a. b. c. d. an increase in the intake of food energy. a rapid decrease in self-esteem. a rapid increase in self-esteem. a decrease in the intake of food energy. Answer: a Type: applied Page: 57 For most adolescents, the major nutritional issue is a. b. c. d. limiting their nutritional intake. getting sufficient nutritional intake. guarding against the development of eating disorders. ensuring that they consume a sufficient balance of appropriate foods. Answer: d 47. Type: applied focuses on the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors emphasizes biological factors, instead of psychological and social factors emphasizes psychological and social factors, instead of biological factors focuses on social transmission of poor health decisions, such as smoking Answer: a 46. c. unintentional injuries. d. illness. A biopsychosocial perspective _____ to understand adolescent health. a. b. c. d. 45. Page: 54 The leading cause of adolescent deaths is a. homicide. b. suicide. 44. c. pituitary activation. d. hormone levels. Type: applied Page: 57 Obesity is measured by a. a blood test. b. comparing weight to height. Answer: b Type: definitional c. weight. d. skin fold measures. Page: 57 24 48. About _____ adolescents can be classified as overweight. a. one in five b. one in twenty Answer: a 49. c. one in ten d. one in forty Type: conceptual About _____ adolescents can be classified as obese. a. one in five b. one in twenty Answer: b 50. c. one in ten d. one in forty Type: conceptual Answer: c c. 80% d. 90% Type: conceptual Answer: c c. a combination of genetic and environmental d. biomedical Type: conceptual Answer: b c. 60 d. 120 Type: applied Page: 58 About _____ of adolescents regularly engage in vigorous exercise. a. 10% b. 25% Answer: b 54. Page: 57 It is recommended that adolescents engage in at least _____ minutes of activity on most days of the week. a. 20 b. 30 53. Page: 57 Obesity is caused by _____ factors. a. genetic b. environmental 52. Page: 57 About _____ of adolescents who are obese become obese adults. a. 60% b. 70% 51. Page: 57 c. half d. 70% Type: applied Page: 58 The major reason for the lack of exercise among adolescents is that a. b. c. d. they lack opportunities. most do not make sports teams. most adolescents do not like organized sports. they spend time watching television and other sedentary activities. Answer: d Type: applied Page: 58 25 55. Anorexia nervosa mostly affects adolescents who are from a. high-achieving, affluent households. c. poor families. b. minority households. d. homeless families. Answer: a 56. Type: applied About _____ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa are male. a. 2% b. 5% Answer: d 57. c. 8% d. 10% Type: applied Answer: b Page: 59 Most adolescents in the United States Answer: d c. walk in their sleep. d. are sleep deprived. Type: conceptual Page: 61 In regard to sleep, many adolescents develop a. b. c. d. a delayed phase preference. an accelerated phase preference. an interrupted phrase preference. a partial phase preference. Answer: a 60. c. nervosic. d. myopia. Type: definitional a. get too much sleep. b. get just the right amount of sleep. 59. Page: 59 An eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia. 58. Page: 59 Type: conceptual Page: 62 A delayed phase preference refers to a. b. c. d. adolescents’ changing sleep patterns. the propensity of adolescents to sleep too much. adolescents’ propensities to return to infant sleep patterns. interruptions in adolescents’ sleep. Answer: a Type: conceptual Page: 62 26 61. Adolescents who are sleep deprived are likely to a. sleep too much. b. sleep walk. Answer: d 62. Type: conceptual provide services for adolescents with physical health problems. provide services for mental health problems. improve students’ academic performance. all of the above. Answer: d Type: applied Answer: a c. about the same number of d. less urgent Type: conceptual Page: 64 Adolescents from minority families are more likely than others to a. visit a family physician. b. use the emergency room. Answer: b 65. Page: 63 As compared to non minorities, minority adolescents are likely to have _____ health problems. a. more b. less 64. Page: 62 A function of school-based health centers is to a. b. c. d. 63. c. work well under pressure. d. have more difficulty in school. Type: conceptual c. use health insurance. d. visit the dentist. Page: 64 The ability of some adolescents to overcome circumstances that place them at physical and psychological risk is a. perseverance. b. overcomingness. Answer: c c. resilience. d. stamina. Type: conceptual Page: 64 TRUE / FALSE 66. Androgens are the main category of male hormones. Answer: True 67. Page: 39 Estrogens are the main category of male hormones. Answer: False 68. Type: definitional Type: definitional Page: 39 Androgens and estrogens are absent in the bodies of children prior to puberty. Answer: False Type: definitional Page: 40 27 69. Sex hormones begin playing a significant role in development as early as 8 – 12 weeks after conception. Answer: True 70. Page: 43 Type: applied Page: 43 Type: conceptual Page: 45 Type: conceptual Page: 45 Type: applied Page: 47 The adolescent growth spurt begins earlier for boys than girls. Answer: False 79. Type: conceptual One way to identify changes associated with adolescence that are not influenced by culture is to study biological processes, such as brain lateralization. Answer: False 78. Page: 42 The two hemispheres of the brain function interdependently and the differences between them are minor. Answer: True 77. Type: definitional Although each hemisphere of the brain specializes in specific functions, the specialization is not absolute. Answer: True 76. Page: 41 Synaptic pruning makes positive contributions to the development of cognitive abilities. Answer: True 75. Type: conceptual One explanation for the growth in cognitive abilities that takes place during adolescence is that adolescents grow many new neurons. Answer: False 74. Page: 41 Gonadarche begins about two years after the beginning of puberty. Answer: False 73. Type: conceptual Sexual attraction begins before puberty. Answer: True 72. Page: 40 It seems that it is the rapid increase in hormone levels, not just high levels of hormones, which influence adolescent’s moods. Answer: True 71. Type: conceptual Type: definitional Page: 49 Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents. Answer: False Type: applied Page: 56 28 80. One function of school-based health centers is to increase the academic performance of students. Answer: True Type: applied Page: 63 FILL IN THE BLANK 81. The period of rapid physical change characterized by the maturation of the sexual organs is referred to as _____. Answer: puberty 82. Type: definitional Type: conceptual Type: definitional Page: 41 Page: 43 Page: 49 _____ sex characteristics refer to organs and structures of the body that are directly related to sexual reproduction. Answer: Primary 89. Page: 40 The _____ is the rapid growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence. Answer: adolescent growth spurt Type: definitional 88. Page: 40 Axons of neurons become coated with _____, a fatty substance that provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses. Answer: myelin 87. Type: definitional Although puberty doesn’t formally start until later, _____ refers to hormonal changes in the adrenal glands and begins around age 9, but sometimes earlier. Answer: adrenarche 86. Page: 40 _____ hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes of males and follicle production in the ovaries of females. Answer: Follicle-stimulating 85. Type: definitional The pituitary, hypothalamus, and gonads form a feedback loop called the _____ axis. Answer: HPG 84. Page: 37 The hypothalamus contains the _____, which operates a bit like the thermostat that regulates the furnace in a home. Answer: gonadostat 83. Type: definitional Type: definitional Page: 51 The onset of menstruation is _____. Answer: menarche Type: definitional 29 Page: 51 90. Obesity is defined as body weight that is _____ percent above the average weight for a given height. Answer: twenty 91. Type: definitional Page: 59 Type: definitional Page: 62 Unlike a school-based health center, a school-_____ health center is located adjacent to a school, but is not in a school. Answer: linked 95. Page: 58 Adolescents’ desires to go to bed late at night is referred to as the _____ preference. Answer: delayed phase 94. Type: definitional A severe eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is _____. Answer: bulimia 93. Page: 57 A severe eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat is _____. Answer: anorexia nervosa 92. Type: definitional Type: applied Page: 63 The ability to overcome circumstances that place adolescents at risk for a variety of psychological and physical risks is referred to as _____. Answer: resilience Type: applied Page: 64 ESSAY 96. Briefly describe the meaning of the HPG axis. Answer: The letters H-P-G stand for hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads which work together to form a feedback system that monitors levels of hormones in the body and attempts to keep them at a consistent level. The hypothalamus monitors levels of sex hormones in the body and sends messages to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland sends messages to gonads to increase or decrease levels of sex hormones. Page: 40-41 97. Describe brain lateralization. Answer: Brain lateralization is a process in which some functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other. For example, the left hemisphere concentrates on verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. The right hemisphere concentrates on comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression. Page: 45-46 30 98. Why are early maturing boys more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance abuse? Answer: Their large size makes it likely that they will seek out the company of older boys who may involve them in activities that are inappropriate for their age. Page: 53 99. Why are adolescents who spend a great deal of time in sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing video games, at exceptional risk for obesity? Answer: Not only are adolescents not getting the exercise that they need, but they are often eating high-calorie snacks while involved in sedentary activities. Page: 58 100. How does a delayed phase preference contribute to poor academic performance? Answer: If permitted to follow their natural sleep patterns, adolescents prefer to go to bed around 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10 in the morning. Unfortunately, this is at odds with school schedules that require adolescents to wake up early in the morning. As a result, many adolescents are sleep deprived, resulting in poor academic performance. Page: 62 31