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Database Architectures and Implementations We shape our buildings: thereafter they shape us Winston Churchill Database Architectures and Implementations An architecture should Respond to queries in a timely manner Minimize the cost of processing data Minimize the cost of storing data Minimize the cost of data delivery These objectives can be conflicting No-schema architecture One-schema architecture Two-schema architecture ANSI SPARC A 1972 committee to examine standardization of database technology Focused on the interfaces Internal Conceptual External External The clients’ views of the system There can be multiple views Conceptual The database designer’s view The data model Includes all files and all fields within files Should be unconstrained by consideration of storage structures and data access mechanisms Can include security and integrity considerations Internal The lowest level Considers data storage and access Includes indexing and record sequencing