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CHAPTER TWO
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The _____ system communicates by sending chemical messages throughout the body via the
bloodstream.
a. nervous
b. endocrine
Answer: b
2.
c. limbic
d. cognitive
Type: definitional
Chemical messengers that circulate through the blood system and affect the functioning or growth
of parts of the body are
a. hormones.
b. white blood cells.
Answer: a
3.
Type: definitional
Answer: d
Page: 38
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary
Type: conceptual
Page: 38
The _____ gland in the brain sends a signal via gonadotropins to increase the production of
sex hormones to adult levels.
a. thyroid
b. gonad
Answer: d
5.
c. myelins.
d. laterals.
Puberty begins when the _____ gland signals the sex glands to raise hormones to adult levels.
a. thyroid
b. gonad
4.
Page: 38
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary
Type: conceptual
Page: 38
The gland that is sometimes referred to as the “master” gland is the _____ gland.
a. thyroid
b. gonad
Answer: d
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary
Type: conceptual
Page: 38-39
17
6.
The main category of male hormones are
a. estrogens.
b. glucogens.
Answer: d
7.
c. insulins.
d. androgens.
Type: definitional
The main category of female hormones are
a. estrogens.
b. glucogens.
Answer: a
8.
c. insulins.
d. androgens.
Type: definitional
Answer: c
c. testosterone.
d. glucogen.
Type: definitional
Answer: b
c. testosterone.
d. glucogen.
Type: definitional
Page: 39
The pituitary gland works in tandem with the _____, the structure of the brain that monitors and
regulates basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior.
a. thyroid
b. gonad
Answer: c
11.
Page: 39
One of the major estrogens is
a. insulin.
b. estradiol.
10.
Page: 39
One of the major androgens is
a. estrogen.
b. estradiol.
9.
Page: 39
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary
Type: applied
Page: 39
The function of the _____ is to monitor and regulate basic drives such as eating, drinking, selfprotection, and sexual behavior.
a. thyroid
b. gonad
Answer: c
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary
Type: conceptual
Page: 39
18
12.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates
a.
b.
c.
d.
production of testosterone and estrogen.
sperm production in males and follicle production in females.
homeostasis and growth.
the metabolic rate and the immune system.
Answer: b
13.
the production of testosterone and estrogen.
the production of insulin and glucogen.
homeostasis and growth.
the metabolic rate and the immune system.
Answer: a
Type: definitional
Answer: a
c. infancy
d. adolescent
Type: conceptual
Answer: d
Type: conceptual
c. only adults.
d. everyone.
Page: 40
Estrogens are in the bodies of
a. only male children and adults.
b. only female children and adults.
Answer: d
17.
Page: 40
Androgens are in the bodies of
a. only male children and adults.
b. only female children and adults.
16.
Page: 40
Androgens and estrogens first begin playing a large role in development during the _____ period
of development.
a. prenatal
b. late childhood
15.
Page: 40
Lutenizing hormone (LH) regulates
a.
b.
c.
d.
14.
Type: definitional
Type: conceptual
c. only adults.
d. everyone.
Page: 40
Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to _____ in males.
a. depression
b. anxiety
Answer: c
c. anger
d. sadness
Type: applied
Page: 41
19
18.
Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to _____ in females.
a. depression
b. sadness
Answer: a
19.
c. anger
d. aggressiveness
Type: applied
Adolescents moods are affected by
a. life events.
b. hormones.
Answer: d
20.
c. family relationships.
d. all of the above.
Type: applied
Answer: a
c. endochronology.
d. gonadarche.
Type: applied
Answer: d
c. endochronology.
d. gonadarche.
Type: conceptual
Page: 42
Leptin is a
a. protein produced by fat cells.
b. neurotransmitter.
Answer: a
23.
Page: 41
The actual beginning of puberty is marked by
a. andrenarche.
b. myelenation.
22.
Page: 41
The hormonal change in the adrenal glands that begins around age 9, and sometimes earlier, is
referred to as
a. andrenarche.
b. myelenation.
21.
Page: 41
Type: definitional
c. hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
d. hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
Page: 42
Dendrites are
a.
b.
c.
d.
neurotransmitters.
clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.
long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.
small gaps between neurons.
Answer: b
Type: definitional
Page: 42
20
24.
Axons are
a.
b.
c.
d.
neurotransmitters.
clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.
long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.
small gaps between neurons.
Answer: c
25.
neurotransmitters.
clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.
long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.
small gaps between neurons.
Answer: d
Type: definitional
Answer: b
Page: 43
one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions.
the prefrontal cortex over the subcortical levels of the brain.
the subcortical levels over the cortical levels of the brain for basic functions.
the frontal lobes over the parietal lobes of the brain for higher level cognitive functions.
Answer: a
Type: conceptual
Page: 45
The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities?
a.
b.
c.
d.
speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning
spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression
regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate
regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood
Answer: a
29.
Type: conceptual
c. prefrontal cortex
d. cerebral cortex
Lateralization is the dominance of
a.
b.
c.
d.
28.
Page: 42
Fundamental activities such as breathing and heart rate are regulated in the _____ of the brain.
a. frontal lobes
b. subcortical levels
27.
Page: 42
Synapses are
a.
b.
c.
d.
26.
Type: definitional
Type: conceptual
Page: 45
The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities?
a.
b.
c.
d.
speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning
spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression
regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate
regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood
Answer: b
Type: conceptual
Page: 45
21
30.
Plasticity refers to the
a.
b.
c.
d.
myelin coating on axons.
ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching.
ability of neurons to migrate.
degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable.
Answer: d
31.
Type: conceptual
The adolescent growth spurt refers to very rapid growth in _____ that occurs during adolescence.
a. synaptic density
b. the myelin coating of axons
Answer: c
32.
c. change in voice
d. increased facial hair
Type: applied
Page: 51
Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
a. growth of penis
b. increased body hair
Answer: b
c. growth of ovaries
d. growth of testes
Type: applied
Page: 51
The Tanner stages are regular patterns of _____ that occur during adolescence.
a.
b.
c.
d.
the development of secondary sex characteristics
the development of primary sex characteristics
cognitive development
changes in hormone levels
Answer: a
35.
Page: 49
Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
Answer: a
34.
c. height and weight
d. language development
Type: conceptual
a. growth of penis
b. increased body hair
33.
Page: 47
Type: definitional
Page: 51
Menarche refers to
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased activity of the adrenal glands.
the onset of menstruation.
rapid increase in levels of testosterone.
an interruption in the HPG axis.
Answer: b
Type: definitional
Page: 51
22
36.
The secular trend refers to the trend of
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased prevalence of immoral behaviors of adolescents.
decrease in the average age of the onset of puberty.
increased activity in the HPG axis during adolescence.
increase in sexual awareness of adolescents.
Answer: b
37.
increased activity of the adrenal glands.
a boy’s first ejaculation.
a rapid increase in levels of testosterone.
an interruption in the HPG axis.
Answer: b
Type: definitional
pituitary activation.
lower levels of adrenal gland activity.
interruptions in the HPG axis.
cultural meanings associated with pubertal changes.
Answer: d
Type: applied
Answer: a
Type: applied
c. be less successful in athletics
d. have more negative emotions
Page: 53
Boys who mature later than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers.
a. have fewer difficulties in school
b. be more popular
Answer: a
41.
Page: 53
Boys who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers.
a. have a more positive self-concept
b. be less popular
40.
Page: 52
Adolescents’ psychological reactions to the changes that occur during the onset of puberty are
most likely related to
a.
b.
c.
d.
39.
Page: 52
Spermarche refers to
a.
b.
c.
d.
38.
Type: conceptual
Type: applied
c. be more successful in athletics
d. have fewer negative emotions
Page: 53
Girls who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to _____ than their same-age peers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
be more ready for one-on-one dating situations
be less sought after for dates
experience less ridicule
feel more uncomfortable and different
Answer: d
Type: applied
Page: 54
23
42.
Girls’ experiences with early maturation are largely determined by
a. cultural norms and standards.
b. interruptions in the HPG axis.
Answer: a
43.
Type: applied
Answer: c
Page: 56
Type: conceptual
Page: 56
The rapid physical growth of adolescence is accompanied by
a.
b.
c.
d.
an increase in the intake of food energy.
a rapid decrease in self-esteem.
a rapid increase in self-esteem.
a decrease in the intake of food energy.
Answer: a
Type: applied
Page: 57
For most adolescents, the major nutritional issue is
a.
b.
c.
d.
limiting their nutritional intake.
getting sufficient nutritional intake.
guarding against the development of eating disorders.
ensuring that they consume a sufficient balance of appropriate foods.
Answer: d
47.
Type: applied
focuses on the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
emphasizes biological factors, instead of psychological and social factors
emphasizes psychological and social factors, instead of biological factors
focuses on social transmission of poor health decisions, such as smoking
Answer: a
46.
c. unintentional injuries.
d. illness.
A biopsychosocial perspective _____ to understand adolescent health.
a.
b.
c.
d.
45.
Page: 54
The leading cause of adolescent deaths is
a. homicide.
b. suicide.
44.
c. pituitary activation.
d. hormone levels.
Type: applied
Page: 57
Obesity is measured by
a. a blood test.
b. comparing weight to height.
Answer: b
Type: definitional
c. weight.
d. skin fold measures.
Page: 57
24
48.
About _____ adolescents can be classified as overweight.
a. one in five
b. one in twenty
Answer: a
49.
c. one in ten
d. one in forty
Type: conceptual
About _____ adolescents can be classified as obese.
a. one in five
b. one in twenty
Answer: b
50.
c. one in ten
d. one in forty
Type: conceptual
Answer: c
c. 80%
d. 90%
Type: conceptual
Answer: c
c. a combination of genetic and environmental
d. biomedical
Type: conceptual
Answer: b
c. 60
d. 120
Type: applied
Page: 58
About _____ of adolescents regularly engage in vigorous exercise.
a. 10%
b. 25%
Answer: b
54.
Page: 57
It is recommended that adolescents engage in at least _____ minutes of activity on most days of
the week.
a. 20
b. 30
53.
Page: 57
Obesity is caused by _____ factors.
a. genetic
b. environmental
52.
Page: 57
About _____ of adolescents who are obese become obese adults.
a. 60%
b. 70%
51.
Page: 57
c. half
d. 70%
Type: applied
Page: 58
The major reason for the lack of exercise among adolescents is that
a.
b.
c.
d.
they lack opportunities.
most do not make sports teams.
most adolescents do not like organized sports.
they spend time watching television and other sedentary activities.
Answer: d
Type: applied
Page: 58
25
55.
Anorexia nervosa mostly affects adolescents who are from
a. high-achieving, affluent households. c. poor families.
b. minority households.
d. homeless families.
Answer: a
56.
Type: applied
About _____ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa are male.
a. 2%
b. 5%
Answer: d
57.
c. 8%
d. 10%
Type: applied
Answer: b
Page: 59
Most adolescents in the United States
Answer: d
c. walk in their sleep.
d. are sleep deprived.
Type: conceptual
Page: 61
In regard to sleep, many adolescents develop
a.
b.
c.
d.
a delayed phase preference.
an accelerated phase preference.
an interrupted phrase preference.
a partial phase preference.
Answer: a
60.
c. nervosic.
d. myopia.
Type: definitional
a. get too much sleep.
b. get just the right amount of sleep.
59.
Page: 59
An eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is
a. anorexia nervosa.
b. bulimia.
58.
Page: 59
Type: conceptual
Page: 62
A delayed phase preference refers to
a.
b.
c.
d.
adolescents’ changing sleep patterns.
the propensity of adolescents to sleep too much.
adolescents’ propensities to return to infant sleep patterns.
interruptions in adolescents’ sleep.
Answer: a
Type: conceptual
Page: 62
26
61.
Adolescents who are sleep deprived are likely to
a. sleep too much.
b. sleep walk.
Answer: d
62.
Type: conceptual
provide services for adolescents with physical health problems.
provide services for mental health problems.
improve students’ academic performance.
all of the above.
Answer: d
Type: applied
Answer: a
c. about the same number of
d. less urgent
Type: conceptual
Page: 64
Adolescents from minority families are more likely than others to
a. visit a family physician.
b. use the emergency room.
Answer: b
65.
Page: 63
As compared to non minorities, minority adolescents are likely to have _____ health problems.
a. more
b. less
64.
Page: 62
A function of school-based health centers is to
a.
b.
c.
d.
63.
c. work well under pressure.
d. have more difficulty in school.
Type: conceptual
c. use health insurance.
d. visit the dentist.
Page: 64
The ability of some adolescents to overcome circumstances that place them at physical and
psychological risk is
a. perseverance.
b. overcomingness.
Answer: c
c. resilience.
d. stamina.
Type: conceptual
Page: 64
TRUE / FALSE
66.
Androgens are the main category of male hormones.
Answer: True
67.
Page: 39
Estrogens are the main category of male hormones.
Answer: False
68.
Type: definitional
Type: definitional
Page: 39
Androgens and estrogens are absent in the bodies of children prior to puberty.
Answer: False
Type: definitional
Page: 40
27
69.
Sex hormones begin playing a significant role in development as early as 8 – 12 weeks after
conception.
Answer: True
70.
Page: 43
Type: applied
Page: 43
Type: conceptual
Page: 45
Type: conceptual
Page: 45
Type: applied
Page: 47
The adolescent growth spurt begins earlier for boys than girls.
Answer: False
79.
Type: conceptual
One way to identify changes associated with adolescence that are not influenced by culture is to
study biological processes, such as brain lateralization.
Answer: False
78.
Page: 42
The two hemispheres of the brain function interdependently and the differences between them are
minor.
Answer: True
77.
Type: definitional
Although each hemisphere of the brain specializes in specific functions, the specialization is not
absolute.
Answer: True
76.
Page: 41
Synaptic pruning makes positive contributions to the development of cognitive abilities.
Answer: True
75.
Type: conceptual
One explanation for the growth in cognitive abilities that takes place during adolescence is that
adolescents grow many new neurons.
Answer: False
74.
Page: 41
Gonadarche begins about two years after the beginning of puberty.
Answer: False
73.
Type: conceptual
Sexual attraction begins before puberty.
Answer: True
72.
Page: 40
It seems that it is the rapid increase in hormone levels, not just high levels of hormones, which
influence adolescent’s moods.
Answer: True
71.
Type: conceptual
Type: definitional
Page: 49
Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents.
Answer: False
Type: applied
Page: 56
28
80.
One function of school-based health centers is to increase the academic performance of students.
Answer: True
Type: applied
Page: 63
FILL IN THE BLANK
81.
The period of rapid physical change characterized by the maturation of the sexual organs is
referred to as _____.
Answer: puberty
82.
Type: definitional
Type: conceptual
Type: definitional
Page: 41
Page: 43
Page: 49
_____ sex characteristics refer to organs and structures of the body that are directly related to
sexual reproduction.
Answer: Primary
89.
Page: 40
The _____ is the rapid growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence.
Answer: adolescent growth spurt Type: definitional
88.
Page: 40
Axons of neurons become coated with _____, a fatty substance that provides protection and
speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
Answer: myelin
87.
Type: definitional
Although puberty doesn’t formally start until later, _____ refers to hormonal changes in the
adrenal glands and begins around age 9, but sometimes earlier.
Answer: adrenarche
86.
Page: 40
_____ hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes of males and follicle production in the
ovaries of females.
Answer: Follicle-stimulating
85.
Type: definitional
The pituitary, hypothalamus, and gonads form a feedback loop called the _____ axis.
Answer: HPG
84.
Page: 37
The hypothalamus contains the _____, which operates a bit like the thermostat that regulates the
furnace in a home.
Answer: gonadostat
83.
Type: definitional
Type: definitional
Page: 51
The onset of menstruation is _____.
Answer: menarche
Type: definitional
29
Page: 51
90.
Obesity is defined as body weight that is _____ percent above the average weight for a given
height.
Answer: twenty
91.
Type: definitional
Page: 59
Type: definitional
Page: 62
Unlike a school-based health center, a school-_____ health center is located adjacent to a school,
but is not in a school.
Answer: linked
95.
Page: 58
Adolescents’ desires to go to bed late at night is referred to as the _____ preference.
Answer: delayed phase
94.
Type: definitional
A severe eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is _____.
Answer: bulimia
93.
Page: 57
A severe eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat is _____.
Answer: anorexia nervosa
92.
Type: definitional
Type: applied
Page: 63
The ability to overcome circumstances that place adolescents at risk for a variety of psychological
and physical risks is referred to as _____.
Answer: resilience
Type: applied
Page: 64
ESSAY
96.
Briefly describe the meaning of the HPG axis.
Answer: The letters H-P-G stand for hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads which work
together to form a feedback system that monitors levels of hormones in the body and attempts to
keep them at a consistent level. The hypothalamus monitors levels of sex hormones in the body
and sends messages to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland sends messages to gonads to
increase or decrease levels of sex hormones.
Page: 40-41
97.
Describe brain lateralization.
Answer: Brain lateralization is a process in which some functions are located more in one
hemisphere than the other. For example, the left hemisphere concentrates on verbal competence,
such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. The right hemisphere concentrates on
comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and
emotional expression.
Page: 45-46
30
98.
Why are early maturing boys more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance
abuse?
Answer: Their large size makes it likely that they will seek out the company of older boys who
may involve them in activities that are inappropriate for their age.
Page: 53
99.
Why are adolescents who spend a great deal of time in sedentary activities, such as watching
television or playing video games, at exceptional risk for obesity?
Answer: Not only are adolescents not getting the exercise that they need, but they are often eating
high-calorie snacks while involved in sedentary activities.
Page: 58
100.
How does a delayed phase preference contribute to poor academic performance?
Answer: If permitted to follow their natural sleep patterns, adolescents prefer to go to bed around
1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10 in the morning. Unfortunately, this is at odds with school schedules
that require adolescents to wake up early in the morning. As a result, many adolescents are sleep
deprived, resulting in poor academic performance.
Page: 62
31