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Endocrine System Vocabulary 1. Acromegaly 14. Negative Feedback Mechanisms 2. Adrenal Glands 15. Oxytocin 3. Cushing’s Disease or Syndrome 16. Pancreas 4. Diabetes Mellitus 17. Parathyroid Gland 5. Epinephrine 18. Pineal Gland 6. Goiters 19. Pituitary Gland 7. Hormone Binding 20. Prostaglandins 8. Hormones 21. Steroids 9. Humoral Stimulas 22. Target Organ or Cells 10. Hypoglycemic 23. Thymus Gland 11. Insulin 24. Thyroid Gland 12. Islets of Langerhans 25. Tropic Hormones 13. Menopause Endocrine System Vocabulary KEY 1. Adrenal Glands: paired almond shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys & are often referred to as suprarenal glands due to their location. They are broken down into 2 parts: the inner adrenal medulla that is part of the sympathetic nervous system secreting epinephrine & norepinephrine (important to the fight or flight response) & the outer adrenal cortex that makes over 2 dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids. 2. Acromegaly: Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to this disease. 3. Addison’s Disease: this disease. a hyposecretion of all the adrenal cortex hormones leads to 4. Cushing’s Disease or Syndrome: due to hyper-secretions of the adrenal cortex with tumor formation in the middle cortical area. It causes a “moon face” & the appearance of a “buffalo hump” of fat on the upper back. It also causes high blood pressure, hyperglycemia which could lead to diabetes, weakening of the bones & severe depression of the immune system. 5. Cretinism: hyposecretion of thyroxine in childhood leads to this disease. 6. Cushing’s Disease: a disease where you get buffalo hump, water retention, high blood pressure, & a moon face. 7. Diabettes Insipidus: a hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone leads to this disease. 8. Diabetes Mellitus: is due to hypo-activity of insulin. When insulin activity is absent or deficient, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because glucose is unable to be absorbed into most tissue cells. This leads to hyperglycemia (too much glucose in the blood & not enough insulin), glycosuria(glucose lost in urine output), polyuria(a huge urine output), thirst, hunger, emaciation(excessive leanness), weakness, acidosis(an accumulation of acid w/in the body), & sometimes leading to dypsnea, lipemia(an excess of lipids in the blood), ketonuria(an excess of ketone bodies in the urine), & finally coma. 9. Epinephrine: also called adrenaline is a hormone secreted my the adrenal medulla important to the fight or flight response. 10.Goiters: is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that results from a lack of iodine in the diet. Causes a knot to appear in the anterior neck. This condition is uncommon in the US due to iodized sat but it is still a problem in other parts of the world. 11.Gonads: female gonads are the ovaries that produce 2 major steroidal hormones estrogen & progesterone & the male gonads are the testes that produce the steroidal hormone testerone. 12.Hormone Binding: enzymes are activated or inactivated; plasma membrane permeability changes, proteins are synthesized in the cell; & mitosis is stimulated. 13.Hormones: chemical messengers released into the blood by endocrine glands that affect specific cells or organs. 14.Hypoglycemic: not enough glucose in the blood which requires the release of glucagons{to bring the blood glucose levels up}secreted by alpha cells. 15.Hypothalamus: the gland referred to as the neuroendocrine gland. Regulates anterior pituitary hormone release. Produces antidiuretic hormone, releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones, & oxytocin. 16.Insulin: a hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas that decrease blood glucose levels (typical in hyperglycemic people). 17.Islets of Langerhans: minute clusters of cells that produce pancreas hormones that contain 2 major types of hormone producing cells 1) alpha cells (glucagons synthesizing) & 2) beta cells (insulin producing). They also produce other peptides in small amounts, including somatostatin (secreted by the delta cells) that inhibit insulin & glucagons release. 18.Menopause: during late middle age the efficiency of the ovaries begins to decline causing the “change of life” where a woman’s reproductive organs begin to atrophy & the ability to bear children ends. 19.Negative Feedback Mechanisms the chief means of regulating blood hormonal levels; In such a system, hormone secretion is triggered by some internal or external stimulus, after which rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release. The net effect is to decrease the original stimulus or reduce its effects, slowing the activity or shutting it off entirely. 20.Oxytocin: 21.Pancreas: Located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen it is a soft, triangular mixed gland made of both endocrine & exocrine gland cells. It produces an enzyme-rich juices (pancreatic juices) which are ducted into the small intestine to aid in digestion. {pancreatic juices are an exocrine product}. It also produces glucagons which increases blood glucose levels & insulin which lowers blood glucose levels. 22.Parathyroid Gland: a tiny, yellow-brown glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland. There are usually 4 –8 of these glands that secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) that increases blood calcium levels. 23.Pineal Gland: tiny, pine-cone shaped gland in the brain that secretes melatonin & is important to sexual maturation & regulates the biological clock. 24.Pituitary Gland: a pea-sized master gland found in the sella turcia of the brain. It has 2 major lobes: 1) posterior lobe or neurohypophysis which is made mostly of neurolglia & releases neurohormones made from the hypothalamus & 2) the anterior lobe or adenohypophysis which is made of glandular tissue & releases a number of hormones. 25.Prostaglandins: a third type of chemical classification of local hormones that are made from highly active lipids found in nearly all cell membranes. They respond & stimulation smooth muscles of arterioles or uterus; increase HCl & pepsin secretion by stomach; cause platelet aggregation; cause constriction of bronchioles, increase inflammation & pain; induce fever. 26.Second Messenger: virtually all of the protein or amino acid based hormones exert their effects through 2nd messengers which is generated by a hormone binding to plasma membrane receptors. cyclic AMP (cAMP), which also mediates the effects of certain neurotransmitters, is the best understood second messenger: 27.Steroids: can enter the nucleus, diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells, activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis & bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus. They are also lipid soluble. 28.Target Organ or Cells: specific cells or organs that a given hormone influences 29.Tetany: indicates a malfunction of the parathyroid glands. 30.Thymus Gland: found deep to the sternum that produces a family of peptide hormones including thymopoietin & thymosin which are important for normal development of the immune response. 31. Thyroid Gland: the butterfly-shaped gland in the anterior throat, overlying the larynx that is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It secretes 2 active iodinecontaining hormones thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3) that are important in increasing the rate of cellular metabolism. 32. Tropic Hormones: Stimulate other endocrine glands.